People Projects Discussions Surnames I think thats interesting. During the black power years of the 1960s he renamed himself Ser Seshsh Ab Heter. Map sources: Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond; Edward Ball; Guilbert Gates; Dacus Thompson; Sonya Maynard, Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, AP Photo/The Natchez Democrat, Ben Hillyer, Subscribe to Smithsonian magazine now for just $12. But as Waller drifted through Mississippi, he couldnt sell anyone. Ball was bought by a slave trader on Marylands Eastern Shore, and later wrote a memoir. Through their company, commonly known as Franklin and. I was sold to Joseph Bruin, who took me to New Orleans. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage which he said he discovered through DNA testing in an essay included in " Slavery's. On the whole, things werent that bad. John Matthew Salilig (Matt Salilig / Facebook) Marcos said this following the arrest of at least 17 suspects behind the death of the 24-year-old student whose body was found in Imus, Cavite on Feb. 28, after one of the suspects disclosed the location. We were handcuffed in pairs, with iron staples and bolts, recalled Charles Ball, who marched in several coffles before he escaped from slavery. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were John, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac and Thomas and all their families. He regularly acts as a mediator with respect to family provision claims. Franklin and Armfield transported an estimated 10,000 enslaved people over the course of their careers, according to Rothman. Early the next morning, the gang readied again for the march. Your Privacy Rights One of the most persistent misconceptions about slavery in the United States is that the white upper class refused to associate with slave traders on principle, Rothman said a myth the case of Franklin and Armfield disproves. In Raymond, thanks to Thomas Dabney, Waller had gotten in touch with a slave seller named James Ware, a 42-year-old with Virginia roots. I dont spare anything. I mean, people who do not understand the old lifestylestheir standpoint on life, and their education, are what today we consider limited. She was about sixteen, dressed in a cheap striped woolen gown, and bareheaded.. My mothers name was Matilda; she lived near Wilton, Va., and belonged to a Mr. Percifield. They developed cruel stratagems to boost their bottom line: For example, they designated less space per person [on their ships] than the trans-Atlantic slave trade vessels did, Schermerhorn said. The Slave Trail of Tears is the great missing migrationa thousand-mile-long river of people, all of them black, reaching from Virginia to Louisiana. Thats good. What was it like to be in the room with Isaac Franklin? A black man asks:I am a middle-class father. There were so-called fancy girls, young women who would work mainly as concubines. He is bearded white and gray, and half bald. It was typical on the Slave Trail: People like Waller marched a coffle and sold one or two people along the way to pay the travel bills. McQuinn was raised in Richmond, the capital of Virginia and the former capital of the Confederacya city crowded with monuments to the Old South. There was also Mitchell, a boy of 10 or 11, and Foster, 20-ish and strong, his prize hand. In Louisiana the top prices could be had for a buck, a muscled man bound for the hell of the sugar fields. They came to the New River, a big flow about 400 feet across, and to a dock known as Ingles Ferry. 1730 including research + descendants + more in the free family tree community. Pretense and bluster rub shoulders with the plain and dejected. Armfield and his caravan came to the Shenandoah from Alexandria. Waller reached Mississippi by that November. In May 1765 the caravan reached the various destinations of these Pennsylvania travelers. Theophilus Freeman, who sold Solomon Northup, ofTwelve Years a Slave, operated over there. Hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants, enslaved people, whites, Indians. He turns. Reading lights look like converted oil lamps. It took two days wages if you earned 50 cents a day, what freedpeoplea new wordwere starting to get for work. No. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. The floor is a marble mosaic. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield were two of the nation's most successful slave traders. Cookie Policy Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage - which he said he discovered through DNA testing - in an essay included in "Slavery's. To my recollection my fathers name was Joseph, and my mothers Milly, my brothers Anthony, and my sisters Maria.My name was Annie Ferrill, but my owners changed my name. But Sarah seems happy.. They dont do family history, because they think, Oh, it was too cruel, and so brutal, and why should I look at it up close? I am not one of those people.. He wore my old Virginia cloth coat and pantaloons on his march, as he told his wife, Sarah Garlandthe daughter of a congressman and a granddaughter of Patrick Henry, the orator and patriot. Natchez, pearl of the state, stands on a bluff above the Mississippi. We in New Orleans have come a long way since Hurricane Katrina in terms of the comfort level of addressing certain subjects. He is white, a face etched by too much sun. You going to treat me less than a dog? As the steamboat churned to dock, it passed ships berthed five or six deep, miles of them, from all nations of the earth, bringing in their products and carrying away ours. The arrival, gangplank on the levee, cargo everywhere. One thing that is hard to document but impossible to ignore is the fancy trade. New Orleans had a niche market. There was a pair of carriages for the whites. No. Waller had never been to such a big city. I did not know before I came home whether my parents were dead or alive. And now, mother nor father did not know me., Edward Ball It meant hiring someone who could write. During the last ten years, a number of themEdward Baptist, Steven Deyle, Robert Gudmestad, Walter Johnson, Joshua Rothman, Calvin Schermerhorn, Michael Tadman and othershave been writing the million-person-migration back into view. I am married to a man with four children. Should you purchase a good lot for walking I will bring them out by land this summer, Franklin had written. After the Civil War, it held on as a cotton plantation, and then became a horse farm. Today, on the same spot, a six-lane bridge crosses the New River, and there is a town called Radford, population 16,000. You know, we carried on. And it really is a trace, the faint line of what used to be a wagon road. It is a refrain among Southern whites who remain emotionally attached to the plantation daysthat one in 1,000 slaveholders who were black vindicates in some fashion 999 who were not. When cotton went low, they did not. Relatives of President James Madison put up the stone mansion at Belle Grove during the 1790s, and it lives on as a fine house museum run by a historian, Kristen Laise. Can anyone inform me of the whereabouts of John Person, the son of Hannah Person, of Alexandria, Va., who belonged to Alexander Sancter? All the dealers pinned little scraps of paper on their flags to describe the people for sale., Virginia was the source for the biggest deportation. In a front room, a paralleldozens of photos of the slave factories of Ghana and Sierra Leone, where captives were held before being sent to the Americas. As for the other half, they were probably herded onto steamboats and churned 260 miles south to New Orleans, where Isaac Franklin or one of his agents sold them, one or three or five at a time. Franklin and Armfield each fathered at least one child with an enslaved woman, Rothman said. In winter 1848, cotton was down. Hite expressed regret that he had to charge interest if buyers insisted on using credit. And there are many children on the list alone. You have this understanding that children were involved. Thats on the Internet. It is peculiar that a man can pity himself for being unable to sell a roomful of teenagers he has known since their birth, but as Florence Blair says, thats what it was. John Armfield (abt. But the tourist money is fairly recent. Their plan was to leave a few slaves behind with Sarah as house servants and for William to march nearly all the rest to Natchez and New Orleans. Slave trading was a game. The men, Isaac Franklin and John Armfield, were daring pirates or one-eyed men, a euphemism for their penises. They are a manifest, or list, of one group of 110 people moved by Isaac Franklin in 1829. At Fairvue, Key found a partner in a woman named Hannah. They got into the domestic slave trade just as the cotton economy and American demand for enslaved labor exploded, and quit right before the United States sank into the financial panic of 1837. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, they traded thousands of African Americans to the Deep South and secured millions in profit. Overland coffles would have used the road that molders off in the trees. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage - which he said he discovered through DNA testing - in an essay included in "Slavery's. In 1833, he wrote the office back in Virginia about fancy girls he had on hand, and about one in particular whom he wanted. William Waller left for New Orleans during the second week of January 1848, taking an 18-hour steamboat ride. After an hour of this, the showing of the lively stock, the enslaved stood in rows on long overhanging porches. John Armfield: Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc.is a not-for-profit tax-exempt corporation portraying and honoring the frontier heritage of Muttenz descendants and their neighbors. Few, if any, American high school or college students ever learn about the duo. Franklin went to the theater with other rich whites and threw dinner parties, earning a reputation as a gregarious host with the best liquors, Rothman said. In my family, people looked after their slaves, he said. It is plain that in this branch of the Franklin family, the past cannot be unremembered. An act of Congress is needed. He complained that his wifes brother Samuel had condescended to him a few months before. John Armfield (1797-1871) was an American slave trader. Theyre the ones who turned the business of selling humans from one part of the U.S. to another into a very modern, organized business no longer just one trader who might move a few people from one plantation to another, said Maurie D. McInnis, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who studies the cultural history of slavery. Which means that Isaac Franklin was my great-great-great-great-uncle., It is an important gloss, as it turns out: You see, Thomson said, my forebear James Franklin was the family member who introduced Isaac Franklin to the slave business., Taking a seat in an armchair upholstered in wine-colored brocade, he picks up the story. Cookie Settings, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia, Illustrated map by Laszlo Kubinyi. Daniel is pleasant, happy to talk about his hardscrabble days. It is a fine country for the slave to live in and for the master to make money in. And by the way, The negroes are not only well, but appear happy and pleased with the country and prospect before them., At the village of Benton a week before Christmas 1847, Waller huddled with his gang in a ferocious storm. It would turn out to be four. My aim is to preserve every inch of dirt in this area, Boxley says. We are not accountable for what happened then. In the 1830s, Armfield fulfilled his vow as the partner of . I am president of the Sumner County Hysterical Society, he cracks, the only place you get respect for knowing a lot of dead people.. During the 50 years of the Slave Trail, perhaps half a million people born in the United States were sold in New Orleans, more than all the Africans brought to the country during two centuries of the Middle Passage across the Atlantic. Edward Ball is the author of five books of nonfiction and a lecturer in English at Yale University. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. But here, they were marching through wilderness. And Ill tell you what nobody ever talks about. I feel a certain detachment from it, I suppose. Along the way, the coffle met other slave gangs, construction crews rebuilding the Wagon Road, widening it to 22 feet and putting down gravel. The surveyor talked to him for a few hours and saw him as sordid, illiterate and vulgar. Armfield, it seems, had overpowering bad breath, because he loved raw onions. One of them was led by a man named William Waller, who walked from Virginia to Louisiana in 1847 with 20 or more slaves. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine On holidays it is something, we have to rent a community center. Thin and erect, a crease of a smile, vigorous dark eyes. White. We had a maid, and we had a yard man. But what it says is wrong. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield (1828-1837) were the first to use the property as a slave pen. Several of Thomas Dabneys children lie beneath granite stones. He said his own father knew the name of the people who had enslaved their family in Virginia, knew where they livedin the same house and on the same landin Hanover County, among the rumpled hills north of Richmond. In Edinburg, a history bookshop. My mother was sold from me: After slavery, the desperate search for loved ones in last seen ads. Franklin died in 1846 of intestinal issues. People are still talking about how the slave trade was marginal, slave traders were these ostracized dirtbags, and slaveholders only bought and sold people when they had to, Rothman said. She laughs, surprisingly. He had the equivalent of an eighth-grade education. You have Robert H. Elam operating in the site over there. At Tupelo, he made a daylong detour to Aberdeen but soon despaired over his prospects there: The market was crowded with nearly 200 negroes held by those who have relations & friends, who of course aid them in selling., Waller dragged his gang northwest, four days and 80 miles, to Oxford, but found no buyers. A message from a woman who had been snatched from her mother when she was a girl might reach hundreds of thousands. Palladian manse, Empire franais, Tudor grand, and a form that might be called Tuscan bland. This is Forks of the Road, the Y-shaped junction formed by St. Catherine Street and Old Courthouse Road, where Isaac Franklin presided. This movement lasted longer and grabbed up more people than any other migration in North America before 1900. He knew how rare this was, so he decided to go back to his birthplace and look for his parents. He expected another month on the road. He had six plantations and 650 slaves.. I am enveloped in darkness; but still, strange to say, I live upon hope, the friend of man.. The story of the masses who trekked a thousand miles, from the tobacco South to the cotton South, sometimes vanished in an economic tale, one about the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It sometimes sank into a political story, something to do with the Louisiana Purchase and the first Southwestthe young states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. By the polite invitation of Mr. Ware, as he put it, I passed over a hundred miles with no white persons visible and got here to Natchez in four days. He trotted into town in early 1848, the dwindling gang behind him. His parents named him Clifton M. Boxley. One of her proudest accomplishments in politics, she says, has been to throw new light on an alternate history. Looking for any information about the ancestors and descendents of John Armfield.I am descended through his daughter, Nancy Ann Armfield. It was bigger than the immigration of Jews into the United States during the 19th century, when some 500,000 arrived from Russia and Eastern Europe. The cut is about 12 feet wide, with shallow ditches on each side. This was dangerous. Commission merchants--Southern States--History--19th century. It gave the Deep South a character it retains to this day; and it changed the slaves themselves, traumatizing uncountable families. You need to look that up. Behind the men were the women and girls, another hundred. Her name was Hermina. Sometimes, as in Balls case, the chain ran through an iron neck collar. Here the mountains thicken into the Appalachian South of deep hollows and secret hills. The original John Armfield, from whom all the Armfields of whom we know were descended, was born in the north of England in 1695. You see, blacks were better off coming to this country. Isaac Franklin had no children who survived, Thomson had told me on the phone. Oh, no. They probably would have had to kill me, with my temperament. She laughs again. Men on one side, in order of height and weight, women on the other. Outside universities and museums, the story of the Slave Trail lives in shards, broken and scattered. A good lot for walking was a gang of enslaved men, women and children, possibly numbering in the hundreds, who could tolerate three months afoot in the summer heat. His path to the slave trade was less clear-cut than Franklins. But I recognize the melody, and let the song pass. On the block was one of the most beautiful young women I ever saw. Call me Ser Boxley, he says. At the center of the hotel was a rotunda 100 feet in diameterover which rises a dome as lofty as a church spire, a reporter for theMilwaukee Daily Sentinelwrote. I had plenty of money for the trip, he said. My ancestor James was dabbling in some slave dealing on these tripssmall amount, nothing big. Families--Southern States. I shook my mothers hand and held it a little too long, and she suspicioned something, Glenn said. As the gang fell in, Armfield and his men made jokes, standing near, laughing and smoking cigars.. I wonder aloud. Thomson takes a half-second. Take the ashes and get off my land., The intent was to keep that history buried, McQuinn says today. The turnpike ran farther west40 miles to Winchester, and then to the brow of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Most slave traders at that time were considered common and uncouth, with no social graces. After a few days Glenn turned up in Roxboro. Armfield crossed them on flatboats. James Ware, the slave dealer Waller had met in Natchez, had come through on the sales, and he offered Waller an itemized statement. The path of I-40 west roughly matches a turnpike that once ran 200 miles across the Cumberland Plateau. His slave pen appears on old maps, labeled negro mart.. Over the next decade, with Armfield based in Alexandria and Isaac Franklin in New Orleans, the two became the undisputed tycoons of the domestic slave trade, with an economic impact that is hard to overstate. She has helped raise money for a heritage site incorporating the excavated remains of the infamous slave holding cell known as Lumpkins Jail. Ser Boxley was a big young man during the 1950s, raised in the straitjacket of Jim Crow. The fireflies come out in the dwindling dusk. They came to look at my negroes & wanted to buy seven or eight, but they objected to the price, Waller said. But you dont know who the old ones are. In fact, it is more your story than it is mine.. I am drafted by the inactivity of others to do history work, he tells me. I do not approve of revisionist historians. Well, Germans and Scots-Irish settled the Shenandoah, thats who was here. No commands given by anyone, no noise about it, no talking in the ranks, no laughter or merriment, just marching, round and round. At the time, John Armfield was lacking in purpose: Shiftless and footloose, he had recently been chased away from a county in North Carolina for fathering a child out of wedlock, Rothman said. In place of towns were stands every 10 or 15 miles. But when the slaves marched, it was known as Little River Turnpike. It never occurs to them to think slavery might be bad: Slavery is what made their society work, it made them rich, it was a given that that was what black people were for, Rothman said. Shoes with crepe soles. She pulls out an October 1824 newspaper ad, placed by Isaac Hite, master of Belle Grove (and brother-in-law to President Madison). I wrote the text for four of the markers, he says, sitting on a bench and looking over the grass. As autumn gathered in 1834, the caravan that John Armfield handed over left Tennessee, bound for Natchez. A group of Franklins indirect white descendants learned of their relationship to the slave trader a few years ago and, in 2018, donated money and relics to the Alexandria museum located where their ancestors business once stood. Waller was pinching pennies. Boxley lets less than a second pass. He called it Fairvue. My direct ancestor is Isaacs brother James. You cannot imagine it, he wrote home. It reads, in uppercase Helvetica, STAND UP HELP SAVE FORKS OF THE ROAD SLAVE MARKET SITES NATCHEZ MS. He often holds the sign while standing next to the patch of grass that is the only visible remnant of Forks of the Road. It is easily stumbled into. He and his nephew, John Armfield, headquartered their operation in Alexandria, Virginia, and they began to trade. Here it is. Watching the things burn. Ballard, Rice C. (Rice Carter), -1860. The Natchez Trace Parkway, with asphalt flat like silk, now follows the old route. Of course, that is only some.. That applies to Southern history, to slave history. They were probably younger, but nobody was checking.. The way you transcend the hurt and pain is to face the situation, experience it and cleanse yourself, to allow the humanity of our ancestors and their suffering to wash through you and settle into your spirit.. By August, Armfield had more than 300 ready for the march. Franklin, meanwhile, stayed mostly in Natchez, Miss., and was responsible for selling their human cargo to plantations in the Deep South. His brothers never got back into the slave trade, but Isaac really decides this is going to be his game: Hes good at it, he likes it, he can make money at it, he sticks with it, Rothman said. Life looking up since the divorce. And that includes about Isaac Franklin. The first polite questions appeared in newspapers in the summer of 1865, right after the Civil War and Emancipation. First Name: Last Name [Advanced Search] Home Search Login Find. This story is a selection from the November issue of Smithsonian magazine. Last fall and this past spring, the Library of Virginia, in Richmond, and the Historic New Orleans Collection, in Louisiana, working separately, put together large exhibitions about the domestic slave trade. Elcho (Plantation : Madison Parish, La.) Greenwald stands in front of two beige livery coats hanging behind a pane of glass. After 40 miles, the Little River Turnpike met the town of Aldie and became the Aldie and Ashbys Gap Turnpike, a toll road. Neither Franklin nor Armfield earned recrimination from their peers during their lifetimes and neither man felt the slightest remorse, according to their papers. Multiply that by 200. A clean back was a rarity, and it raised the price. Local. On the lintel above the door you can see in faded paint its old sign, which reads, ___ CHANGE. The St. Louis Hotel was razed in 1916, but it was in the hotel that the Slave Trail ended in the most spectacular scenes. All the servants were black. Armfield, John, Active 1830-1859. Florence Hall Blair, born and raised in Nashville, is 73, a retired nurse. They are each others closest friends and thats rooted in their working relationship, Rothman said. Then, hed send the group on an arduous 1,000-mile march to slave markets in Natchez or New Orleans or hed stuff them into one of the companys three massive ships to make the same journey by water. Are we responsible for what the slave traders did? After Swan Creek, McLishs Stand. Visitation will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM at the Royer Funeral Home (100 Royer Ln, Grain Valley, MO 64029). With that signal from Natchez, Armfield began vacuuming up people from the Virginia countryside. I joined fifty-one other slaves whom he had bought in Maryland. A padlock was added to the handcuffs, and the hasp of each padlock closed on a link in a chain 100 feet long. 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