<< 17 [161 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R null 571 0 R null 572 0 R null 573 0 R null 8-11-09. 95 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R null 447 0 R /MarkInfo << /TT4 245 0 R WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj /K [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R Prior to amendment, text read as follows: Whoever travels across a State line or within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States with the intent to injure or harass another person, and in the course of, or as a result of, such travel places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365(g)(3) of this title) to, that person or a member of that persons immediate family (as defined in section 115 of this title) shall be punished as provided in section 2261 of this title.. 109 0 obj 105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R /K [1 465 0 R 32 466 0 R 34] 130 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj 16, pp. /Annots [354 0 R] null 375 0 R null 376 0 R null 377 0 R null 378 0 R null 379 0 R >> /Resources << Finally, individuals should become informed about the dangers of the Internet and ways to protect their privacy while using the Internet. 64 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R 90 0 obj 1 0 obj >> << /Resources << [48] In addition, as with the Snchez bill, there are questions as to the free speech implications.[49]. /P 9 0 R endobj << However, this distinction is one of semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the same issue. << /Font << << 99 532 0 R 100 541 0 R 101 542 0 R 102 543 0 R 103 544 0 R /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] endobj /Contents 316 0 R Texas enacted the Stalking by Electronic Communications Act in 2001. /Pg 30 0 R /K 9 << << << /ColorSpace << 128 0 obj Law Order >> Further, cyber-industries must develop policies and procedures for protecting their clients. 85 0 obj endobj >> /S /P /TT0 243 0 R /K 3 << /S /P /Pg 30 0 R /S /P << 143 0 R 542 0 R 143 0 R 543 0 R 143 0 R 544 0 R 144 0 R] /P 9 0 R /K 4 << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /TT1 245 0 R /P 9 0 R 115 0 obj A lock ( Making any comment, request, suggestion or proposal which is obscene with an intent to offend; Interrupting, with the intent to harass, the telephone service or the electronic communication service of any person; Transmitting to any person, with the intent to harass and regardless of whether the communication is read in its entirety or at all, any file, document, or other communication which prevents that person from using his or her telephone service or electronic communications device; Transmitting an electronic communication or knowingly inducing a person to transmit an electronic communication for the purpose of harassing another person who is under 13 years of age, regardless of whether the person under 13 years of age consents to the harassment, if the defendant is at least 16 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense; Threatening injury to the person or to the property of the person to whom an electronic communication is directed or to any of his or her family or household members; or. /Type /Page 13 [132 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R null 518 0 R %PDF-1.5 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 187 0 obj << 127 0 obj << << endobj 12 [125 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R null 504 0 R null >> /Type /Page Legal overview of the situation by country, The examples and perspective in this article, Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act, Balasubramani, V. (2016, June 14). /K 2 << /P 9 0 R /S /P 3 However, there are other federal laws that can be applied to 59 0 obj /Pg 22 0 R Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. /P 9 0 R As in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Missouri, the Prince case led to stricter anti-bullying legislation in Massachusetts.[22]. >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] endobj /Parent 8 0 R /Pg 15 0 R 175 0 obj /K [22 452 0 R 46] endobj Knowingly permitting any electronic communications device to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in this subsection (a). << /K 17 109 0 R 470 0 R 109 0 R 471 0 R 109 0 R 472 0 R 109 0 R] /Resources << Web144 Green Acres Ln, PO Box 111, Green Mountain, NC 28740 . endobj >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /ColorSpace << /K 19 endobj /K 8 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Parent 8 0 R 180 0 obj As part of his sentence, the court also entered a restitution order of $164,295.01, payable to the victims of the offense. /P 9 0 R According to "Who@: Working to Halt Online Abuse": (a) Harassment through electronic communications is the use of electronic communication for any of the following Verified Attorney /K 2 171 0 obj /P 9 0 R Pub. c/o ISBS, 5804 N.E. /Pg 22 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Annots [303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R] /S /P 140 0 obj /K 11 << /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 24 0 R Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism. /S /P /P 9 0 R endobj 50 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] endobj 4 0 obj endobj India's Information Technology Act of 2000 (IT Act) was a set of laws to regulate the cyberspace. >> [46][47] Universities would be required to address harassment that focuses on real or perceived race, color, national origin, sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or religion. << WebAs a possible solution to this substantial problem of cyberstalking, criminal law has the potential to play an important role in cyberstalking cases. << /Outline /Span /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R >> /TT0 243 0 R /Pg 19 0 R /P 9 0 R /TT0 243 0 R >> /P 9 0 R /Parent 7 0 R /Contents 302 0 R /P 9 0 R << endobj >> /Pg 19 0 R Cyber Crimes against Women in India: Problems, Perspectives and Solutions. /TT1 245 0 R >> Nothing; existing stalking laws can apply. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] The legislation provides enhanced criminal penalty for stalkers of minors under Title 18 Section 2261 by up to five years if the victim is a minor. WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. << 1 [44 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R null /S /Footnote /Font << endobj In an interesting paper, Chik discusses international cyberstalking regulatory considerations. /Parent 6 0 R >> /StructParents 10 /K [4 469 0 R 40 470 0 R 42 471 0 R 44 472 0 R 46] [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. /P 9 0 R >> << 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R Federal Criminal Cyberstalking Statutes [13] Both section 2261A(2) and section 875(c) are federal criminal statutes used to prosecute cyberstalking cases. TMC Academic Journal, 3(10), 48-62. /S /P endobj << 209 0 obj /Count 21 /S /P << /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) >> << >> /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [369 0 R 370 0 R] << /K 5 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R endobj << /S /P 2 /S /P /P 9 0 R /K 9 /Pg 13 0 R >> << /Pg 18 0 R 157 0 obj /S /P /P 9 0 R /TT3 245 0 R >> << /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] endobj /K 17 >> [20], While some laws are written such that the focus on cyberbullying is the set of acts that occur within a school, others are more general, targeting cyberbullying no matter where it occurs. /P 9 0 R >> >> endobj States that have passed legislation have done so generally in response to incidents within that state, to address what they believe to be shortcomings in federal laws, or to expand protection to victims above and beyond existing statutes. It stipulates various ranges of imprisonment for anyone who uses null 408 0 R null 409 0 R null 410 0 R null 411 0 R null 412 0 R /P 9 0 R /Resources << /Type /Page 215 0 obj /S /P endobj /Contents 355 0 R /TT1 245 0 R Cyberstalking laws in the United States, both federal and state, support victims of all ages, however some sites focus on those laws that protect victims under the age of 18. /K [8 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R] /S /Footnote >> L. 115334, title XII, 12502(a)(1). /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R >> << /K 5 >> >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj A cyberstalker acts of out of anger, or a need to control, or gain revenge over another person through threats, fear, and intimidation. /Annots [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R] /P 9 0 R << /S /P The bill would also enable the U.S. Department of Education to provide training to institutes of higher education to prevent or address harassment. /ColorSpace << 4203] increases penalties related to the stalking of minors. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. /P 9 0 R /S /P /ColorSpace << /Limits [0 31] /P 9 0 R /Parent 7 0 R Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 ( c 15) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. >> << /Pages 3 0 R Prior to February 2013, there were no laws that directly regulate cyberstalking in India. /S /P An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. << /K [8 366 0 R 26] International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. /StructParents 13 /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /K 4 /K 8 << FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73, 10-17. /P 9 0 R /Annots [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R] /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both.[1]. 101 0 obj /P 9 0 R Hassalo Street, Portland, OR 97213-3644, United States. >> /Pg 31 0 R /S /Footnote Classifying common police problems: A routine activity approach (Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. /Font << endobj /StructParents 12 endobj >> 129 0 obj /Resources << 31] /K 14 "Electronic communication" includes transmissions by a computer through the Internet to another computer. endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /TT2 244 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /Annots [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R] endobj >> /K [3 544 0 R 36 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R] 36 0 obj /S /P endobj Although there are often existing laws that prohibit stalking or harassment in a general sense, legislators sometimes believe that such laws are inadequate or do not go far enough, and thus bring forward new legislation to address this perceived shortcoming. /Rotate 0 Cyberbullying and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships. 96 0 R 445 0 R 96 0 R 446 0 R 96 0 R 452 0 R 98 0 R 453 0 R 103 0 R] 21 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R 15 0 obj In addition to imprisonment, the court may also order the alleged offender to pay a $250,000 fine. >> >> << endobj 7 Bocij, P., Griffiths, M.D., McFarlane, L, Cyber Stalking: A New Challenge for Criminal Law, 122 The Criminal Lawyer, 3-5 (2002). Pub. 143 0 obj /S /P /K 6 >> >> endobj 33 0 obj 625 0 R 626 0 R 510 0 R 131 0 R 511 0 R 131 0 R 512 0 R 131 0 R 513 0 R 131 0 R /Pg 22 0 R 186 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R Adobe PDF Library 9.0 endobj /S /P 25 366 0 R 26 367 0 R 27 368 0 R 28 582 0 R 29 382 0 R /Pg 24 0 R << >> /S /P endobj 168 0 obj 149 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> However, this is limited to the victims of family violence. 11 0 obj D:20110216092838 /K 16 Nothing, existing international cyber stalking laws apply b. /K [2 403 0 R 33 404 0 R 35 405 0 R 37 406 0 R 39] >> /P 9 0 R This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 19:31. >> >> << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /TT2 245 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 45 0 obj [36] However, the constitutionality of this law has been challenged in courts, with Judge Ronald B. Leighton of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled in February 2019 that the law as written could include "a large range of non-obscene, non-threatening speech" and that "As a result even public criticisms of public figures and public officials could be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment". << endobj /S /P /TT1 245 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [2 541 0 R 30 542 0 R 32 543 0 R 34] With computer stalking, the cyberstalker exploits the Internet and the Windows operating system in order to assume control over the computer of the targeted victim. WebThis chapter advises that all governments should enact new laws that specifically target electronic stalking activities. Petrocelli, J.: Cyber stalking. /Pg 21 0 R Under U.S. federal law, someone commits the felony of stalking if that person: places another person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to him- or herself, his or her immediate family member, or spouse or intimate partner. [15], In general, such organizations argue that while the need for legislation against cyberbullying may exist, legislators must take a cautious, reasoned approach to enacting laws, and not rush into creating laws that would curtail speech too much. [8], The Australian government has proposed specific cyberbullying laws to protect children.[9]. /Chart /Figure >> 117 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Resources << endobj >> /Pg 32 0 R << More technologically sophisticated e-mail harassers send "mail bombs," which fill a person's mailbox with hundreds or even thousands of unwanted messages in the hope of making the account useless. endobj /S /P >> endobj endobj The focus on legislating cyberbullying and cyberstalking has largely come about as a result of the perceived inadequacy, generally by legislators and parents of bullying victims, of existing laws, whether those existing laws cover stalking, unauthorized use of computer resources, or the like. It may involve any number of incidents including threats, libel, defamation, sexual harassment, or other actions in which to control, influence, or intimidate their target. /Pg 20 0 R Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. /S /P >> >> endobj /Pg 19 0 R [24] (646.9 of the California Penal Code. >> 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R L. 1134 amended section generally. /Marked true endobj WebCyberstalking is the use of the Internet, email, text messaging, or other electronic communications to follow someone in a threatening manner, and generally refers to using endobj endobj Svdraa /P 9 0 R 16 0 obj endobj /ParentTreeNextKey 116 152 0 obj Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word 217 0 obj In addition, some of these newly written laws (like one in Connecticut) put more of an onus on the school system, mandating that the school's administration must intervene at the first sign of bullying. /P 9 0 R << 84 625 0 R 85 510 0 R 86 511 0 R 87 512 0 R 88 513 0 R >> /TT1 258 0 R 42 404 0 R 43 405 0 R 44 406 0 R 45 407 0 R 46 413 0 R /K 4 However, it merely focused on financial crimes and neglected interpersonal criminal behaviours such as cyberstalking (Behera, 2010; Halder & Jaishankar, 2008; Nappinai, 2010). 119 0 obj /K 2 /S /Footnote /K [393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R 398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R] /K 6 /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] In the US, in practice, there is little legislative difference between the concepts of "cyberbullying" and "cyberstalking." 206 0 obj /Pg 27 0 R endobj These statutes << Washington state has enacted a criminal cyber-stalking statute that threatens its citizens with prosecution and incarceration for innocent online speech protected by the First Amendment. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Webprosecution of international (cyber)stalking and whether some of these problems could be solved. >> /S /P >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] (2)(A). >> >> /Pg 25 0 R << [43], While Snchez' bill was discussed in committee, it has not passed that stage as of 2012[update].[45]. >> 433 0 R null 428 0 R 88 0 R 429 0 R 88 0 R 430 0 R 88 0 R] /K [447 0 R 448 0 R 449 0 R 450 0 R 451 0 R] /Annotation /Span endobj 135 0 R 527 0 R 136 0 R] /K 18 << endobj 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R This chapter advises that all governments should enact new laws that specifically target electronic stalking activities. /Rotate 0 >> 176 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Pg 22 0 R endobj endobj /K 1 /K [0 359 0 R 20] >> Distributing intimate images and videos without the consent of the person in them is a common form of cyberbullying. 38 0 obj [16], Internet free speech issues have certainly made their way through the court systems, even as far back as cases from the mid-90s. /Contents 339 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /S /Footnote endobj /K [4 428 0 R 33 429 0 R 35 430 0 R 37] null 529 0 R 141 0 R 530 0 R 141 0 R 531 0 R 141 0 R 532 0 R 141 0 R 541 0 R endobj /Contents 358 0 R 203 0 obj >> /S /P UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. endobj endobj This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /P 9 0 R >> WebCaselaw Access Project cases. /Font << /P 9 0 R 169 0 obj /Contents 274 0 R >> 79 0 obj >> /S /Footnote >> endobj 76 0 R] 210 0 obj >> 52 0 obj WebCyberstalking's definition is quite simply, the use of the internet, or other electronic means, to harass and intimidate a selected victim. << >> /Filter /FlateDecode /K 6 >> /Annots [269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R] 1. 35 0 obj << << 52 425 0 R 53 426 0 R 54 427 0 R 55 428 0 R 56 429 0 R [10] In another California case, in which a student was harassed after posting personal information online, the court found that threatening posts were not protected speech. /S /P /Parent 7 0 R /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [533 0 R 534 0 R 535 0 R 536 0 R 537 0 R 538 0 R 539 0 R 540 0 R] /S /P /K 14 This case is now considered a landmark in the realm of First Amendment issues on the Internet.[17]. << /Pg 31 0 R /Font << /K [2 581 0 R 4] >> >> << >> >> endobj 68 0 obj >> >> 142 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R /Pg 28 0 R Cyberstalking is the act of persistent and unwanted contact from someone online. << /K 6 endobj The other bill, SB 5628, focused on online harassment and was written with the Anti-Defamation League to update the existing law to uphold the First Amendment. /Nums [32 385 0 R 33 386 0 R 34 387 0 R 35 388 0 R 36 389 0 R << 56 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R 95 0 obj /Pg 32 0 R >> /S /Footnote << /Pg 22 0 R /Kids [219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R] 114 574 0 R 115 635 0 R] /Diagram /Figure /S /P 121 0 obj The U.S. Federal Government has passed a number of important pieces of legislation that can be used to prosecute cyberstalkers, although as this chapter indicates, none are comprehensive, and all contain loopholes. /StructParents 1 /P 9 0 R endobj /TT1 245 0 R /S /P << [21], Finally, it's not uncommon for cyberbullying to be coupled with "traditional", in-person bullying, for example, in the suicide of Phoebe Prince. /S /P /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << /K 5 A qualitative study on the perception of cyber stalking and the adequacy of the anti-stalking law to regulate such crime in Malaysia is somewhat scarce. Governor Signs Landmark Anti-Bullying Law", "Missouri Gov. /CreationDate (D:20110216102934+01'00') /Type /Page 2006Pub. >> /Pg 19 0 R /Pg 15 0 R Behera, A. >> /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P >> On the Internet, public messages can be accessed by anyone at any time. /P 9 0 R Under the Dormant Commerce Clause, a state or local law is unconstitutional when it imposes a burden on interstate commerce that is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits. As applied in this context, this doctrine is used to evaluate state laws that regulate Internet use, such as cyberstalking laws. >> /S /P After progressing through the courts, the charges against Baker were dismissed primarily on grounds that there was no evidence that Baker would actually act out the fantasies contained in those stories. /P 9 0 R /PageLayout /OneColumn /K [548 0 R 549 0 R] /Pg 31 0 R >> /Pg 13 0 R /K [7 566 0 R 567 0 R 568 0 R 569 0 R 570 0 R] /K [3 527 0 R 32] >> /P 9 0 R endobj 74 483 0 R 75 484 0 R 76 485 0 R 77 486 0 R 78 623 0 R endobj /S /P /S /Footnote /Pg 14 0 R /K [2 467 0 R 36] 4 [66 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R endobj /S /P WebFlorida Statute 784.048 makes stalking (harassment), including cyberstalking, a crime. /Footnote /Note << 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R L. 1134, set out as a note under section 2261 of this title. /S /P 493 0 R null 494 0 R null 495 0 R null 623 0 R 624 0 R 496 0 R 124 0 R /K 1 /S /P North Carolina State Supreme Court Strikes Down Cyberbullying Statute. /TextBox /Art /S /P | Cato @ Liberty", "Hate, Cyber-Bullying Bills Could Threaten Talk Radio |", "Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) - H.R.1966 - THOMAS (Library of Congress)", "Federal bill will help combat harassment and cyberbullying on college campuses", http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d112:2:./temp/~bd1uH9:@@@L&summ2=m&%7C/home/LegislativeData.php%7C, "Problematic 'Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act' Returns to Congress", "The Tyler Clementi Act and Threats to Free Speech", Missouri Revised Statutes, Chapter 565, Offenses Against the Person, Section 565.090; August 28, 2010, State Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment and Cyberbullying Laws, National Conference of State Legislatures, United States, State Cyberbullying Laws (United States), A brief review of state cyberbullying laws and policies, Megan Meier Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberstalking_legislation&oldid=1124406909, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 221 0 obj 113 0 obj << << endobj >> /Pg 18 0 R Davis, A.J. endobj >> Cyberstalking Laws When it comes to laws against cyberstalking, this type of harassment falls under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 at the national level. << << /K 25 /Contents 280 0 R /P 9 0 R 2. /K 3 >> /K [0 389 0 R 23 390 0 R 25 391 0 R 27 392 0 R 29] >> 193 0 obj endobj >> /P 9 0 R /Font << << /Contents 349 0 R /S /P /Parent 6 0 R /Annots [310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R] /P 9 0 R /Contents 309 0 R << /K 4 /Pg 16 0 R endobj /S /P /Author (Svdraa) endobj [41] 156 0 R 565 0 R 156 0 R] /Pg 28 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R /Rotate 0 /Pg 31 0 R Webenacted their anti-stalking laws in 1997 in the form of the Protection from Harassment Act (PHA) 1997 and the New Zealand Harassment Act 1997 respectively. 161 0 obj /Pg 13 0 R [27] In 2011, a man was ordered to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing for cyberstalking. /TT2 244 0 R [29] In addition, Section 1708.7 of the California Civil Code outlines grounds for an individual suing their cyberstalker and any accomplices for general damages, special damages, and punitive damages for cyberstalking. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> /K [0 407 0 R 22] [40] III. endobj endobj A lot is at stake in a federal cyberstalking case, which is why you need aggressive defense on your side. endobj /Subscript /Span /Pg 30 0 R /Title (International \(cyber\)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution) 108 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> /Pg 17 0 R /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /Pg 26 0 R 46 0 obj The Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001 R Davis,.... 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