And for more on mode effects and the transition from telephone surveys to online panel surveys, see What our transition to online polling means for decades of phone survey trends and Trends are a cornerstone of public opinion research. In your opinion, should pharmaceutical companies have the right to refuse to sell drugs for executions? Those who favor the death penalty consistently express more favorable attitudes regarding specific aspects of the death penalty than those who oppose it. There are substantial demographic differences in views of whether death sentencing is applied fairly across racial groups. The death penalty remains popular, broadly speaking: In 2020, Gallup reported that Americans favored maintaining the death penalty for convicted murderers by a 55 percent to 43 percent. Yet support for the death penalty is strongly associated with a belief that when someone commits murder, the death penalty is morally justified. Anyone can read what you share. Choose articles from reputable sources. Table of Contents. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public. 1. Over the past two years, the share of Republicans who say they favor the death penalty for persons convicted of murder has decreased slightly by 7 percentage points while the share of Democrats who say this is essentially unchanged (46% today vs. 49% in 2019). 10 facts about the death penalty in the U.S. Death penalty draws more Americans support online than in telephone surveys, California is one of 11 states that have the death penalty but havent used it in more than a decade, Public support for the death penalty ticks up, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. Be aware of biases. Instead of serving a lifelong custodial sentence, the criminal will wait on 'death row', eventually being executed. Toobin, Jeffrey. 38 Death Penalty Information Center, State Studies on Monetary Costs (2017). The two other liberals Justices Sotomayor and Elena Kagan were undoubtedly sympathetic. On July 2, 1976, the Supreme Court handed down five decisions in cases that originated in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Texas, collectively referred to as the July 2 cases, or by the name of the lead case, Gregg v. Georgia. It also gives in-depth information about the lethal injection drug shortage and statistics on the publics views on the death sentence. Among other factors, scholars determined that the races of both the victim and the defendant often influenced sentencing. The death penalty, known as capital punishment, is the government-sanctioned taking of a life as punishment for a crime. The third execution, of Dustin Honken, occurred on schedule, but still too late for some of his victims families. July 27,. There are states that have secondary methods of execution such as electrocution, gas chamber, hanging as well as firing squad, however these methods aren't used nearly as often as injection is. But Democrats are divided over whether the death penalty is morally justified. The number of executions performed annually began a steady rise during this decade. It includes a few links to studies and organizations that oppose the death penalty. As the hours wore on, Justice Department officials asked Ms. Longs father if he would prefer to wait for another day. The abolitionist movement to end capital punishment also influenced state legislatures. Jeffrey A. Rosen is the deputy attorney general. It also gives four reasons as to why the death penalty is becoming less favorable: its not actually proven to deter murders, wrongly convicted people have been executed, it has become more expensive to carry out a death sentence than to impose a life sentence, and the shortage of lethal injection drugs has caused some states to turn to some shadier methods of acquiring drugs. It was a chilly afternoon outside the Allan B. Polunsky Unit, a maximum-security prison for death-row inmates in Livingston, Texas. Republicans ages 18 to 34 are less likely than other Republicans to say they favor the death penalty. The DPIC Death Penalty Census Published: Jul 20, 2022 In the July 2022 episode of Discussions with DPIC, Death Penalty Information Center Executive Director Robert Dunham and 2021 - 2022 DPIC Data Fellow Aimee Breaux discuss the making of DPIC 's groundbreaking Death Penalty Census database and Discussions With DPIC A 58% majority of 50- to 64-year-old Democrats favor the death penalty, compared with 47% of those ages 35 to 49 and about four-in-ten Democrats who are 18 to 34 or 65 and older. In the final minutes before the execution was to occur, Mr. Lees lawyers claimed the execution could not proceed because Mr. Lee still had time to seek further review of an appellate court decision six weeks earlier lifting a prior stay of execution. What its about: This article is the first of two parts and uses emotion more than straight facts. All right, lets get started with four pro-death penalty articles. The article lists his responses to common arguments from those opposed to the death penalty, such as the racial biases and whether the death penalty actually deters criminals. Capital punishment is the execution of an offender who has been sentenced to death after conviction of a criminal offense by a court of law. Last year, in part because of the coronavirus outbreak, fewer people were executed than in any year in nearly three decades. Here are some tips. Below, our experts have collected some death penalty title ideas and samples for your paper. It also carries the risk of carrying out a wrongful execution. The cost of capital punishment is extraordinary. Among Republicans who oppose the death penalty, about half (53%) say this. As in the past, support for the death penalty differs across racial and ethnic groups. Both the mean and median age of the nation's death row population was 51. On July 16, Wesley Purkey was executed for the 1998 murder of a teenage girl, whom he kidnapped, raped, killed, dismembered and discarded in a septic pond. But as a legal issue, it is straightforward. Illegal Immigration. By the 1800s, federal law not only permitted capital punishment but required it in cases involving certain crimes. For example, Black people are overrepresented on death row, and a recent study found that defendants convicted of killing white victims were executed at a rate 17 times greater than those convicted of killing Black victims. Does this information change or reinforce your opinion of capital punishment? The answer was unequivocal: He would stay as long as it took. In 2020 the rulings of the Florida Supreme Court in several cases reversed existing protections afforded to inmates sentenced to death. Virginia became the first state in South to abolish the death penalty, leading some to believe others could follow. Similarly, those who favor the death penalty are more likely to say it deters people from committing serious crimes. Now that weve covered what to look for in those death penalty articles, lets get to some more concrete examples. Just over six-in-ten Republicans in this age group (64%) say this, compared with about eight-in-ten Republicans ages 35 and older. European drug manufacturers objected to capital punishment procedures, and the European Commission banned the export of drugs used in lethal injection procedures in 2011. This requirement that justice be served is not weakened by charges that only the black and the poor receive the death penalty. But as a legal issue, it is straightforward. In its last six months, the United States government has put 13 prisoners to death. Cruel and Unusual. New Yorker. (February 8, 2001) Pro-Death Penalty article by UCLA Political Science student, Aanand N. Patel for student newspapaer. Even if you have a firm opinion, you need to understand the other arguments out there so you can counter them. What its about: This article does not seek emotional appeals to the readers, but cites the e statistically fewer numbers of death penalty sentences and executions. However, death penalty supporters decried the ban, arguing that judges should be able to decide if the death penalty is warranted based on the circumstances of each case. Several nonprofit organizations work to end the use of capital punishment. 14 Jan. 2015. 14 Jan. 2015. Theyll look over it and give you suggestions to make it the best it can be. An execution was scheduled for later that day, and a sense of foreboding filled the air. Death Penalty. National Journal. More than 14,000 people have been legally executed since colonial times, most of them in the early 20th Century. It also gives statistics on the racial disparity of capital punishment. Read the overview below to gain an understanding of the issues surrounding the death penalty and explore the previews of additional articles highlighting diverse perspectives. More Americans favor than oppose the death penalty: 60% of U.S. adults favor the death penalty for people convicted of murder, including 27% who strongly favor it. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/learning/should-the-death-penalty-be-abolished.html, free digital access to The New York Times, Expedited Spree of Executions Faced Little Supreme Court Scrutiny, barring the execution of juvenile offenders, people convicted of crimes other than murder, The Death Penalty Can Ensure Justice Is Being Done,, free daily writing prompts for remote learning. Republicans are 29 percentage points more likely than Democrats to say the death penalty is morally justified, 28 points more likely to say it deters serious crimes, and 19 points more likely to say that adequate safeguards exist. Death Penalty Repeal: Its Necessary to Use Capital Punishment in a Free World. Mic. The rulings followed the appointment of five members of the conservative Federalist Society to the court in under a year. Eden Meirow is a full-time copywriter and part-time freelance writer. Overall this article points out the flaws of the death penalty system in Texas, but does not take a stance against the concept of the death penalty in general. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. There, as elsewhere, prosecutors, judges and jurors are concluding that the modern death penalty is a failed experiment. According to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), incarceration rates of racial minorities skyrocketed in the decade following the McCleskey decision. However, he backs up his emotional statements with statistics and links to studies that indicate that the death penalty is costly, doesnt necessarily deter murders, and is imposed on people who are innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted. Capital punishment should be distinguished from extrajudicial executions carried out without due process of law. Does your state or country allow the death penalty? Sophisticated studies at the state level show that the death penalty costs taxpayers more than life without parole. Web. By the early 1900s, most states had adopted laws that allowed juries to apply either the death penalty or a sentence of life in prison. 14 Jan. 2015. For each article I give you, Ive also included an MLA citation. Justice Ginsburg, who died in September, had joined the dissent. Since our nation's founding, the government -- colonial, federal, and state -- has punished a varying percentage of arbitrarily-selected murders with the ultimate sanction: death. Law School students learn crucial lessons in 'Capital Punishment in America'. Pro- Death Penalty Mikaela Stiner Christians spend a significant amount of time persuading the secular culture of the inherent value and dignity of human life and seeking to protect and. (See Death penalty draws more Americans support online than in telephone surveys for more on long-term measures and the challenge of comparing views across different survey modes.). As a result, survey results from recent online surveys are not directly comparable with past years telephone survey trends. The death penalty helps ease overpopulation in prisons and it ensures that less tax payers' money is spent for the maintenance of individuals that have acted against society in the most violent way. Or do you think it should be abolished? Among Republicans, a narrow majority of conservative Republicans (56%) say the death penalty does deter serious crimes, while a similar share of moderate and liberal Republicans (57%) say it does not. After the unofficial moratorium on capital punishment ended with the executions of Gary Gilmore in Utah in 1977 and John Spenkelink in Florida in 1979, the execution rate remained low for an extended period. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, Most Americans Favor the Death Penalty Despite Concerns About Its Administration, Death penalty draws more Americans support online than in telephone surveys, What our transition to online polling means for decades of phone survey trends, Trends are a cornerstone of public opinion research. For example, in his 25 September 1788 prodeath penalty essay in the. A grand jury determined in 2016 that state officials had committed a long list of oversights and avoidable mistakes in carrying out executions. Among those with postgraduate degrees, a larger share say they oppose (55%) than favor (44%) the death penalty. Warren McCleskey, a Black resident of Georgia, had been convicted of killing a white police officer during an armed robbery in 1978 and sentenced to death. The article continues: If Justice Breyer sounded rueful, it was because he had just a few years ago held out hope that the court would reconsider the constitutionality of capital punishment. In the 1980s, the court ruled that the death penalty could not be applied to offenders under the age of sixteen or those deemed mentally incompetent. He said that death row exonerations were frequent, that death sentences were imposed arbitrarily and that the capital justice system was marred by racial discrimination. In Death Penaltys Steady Decline, Some Experts See a Societal Shift. The New York Times. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), the Court invalidated existing death penalty laws because they constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Look at the information thats presented and think about what information may be missing that would make it more balanced. The consistency of this difference points to substantial mode effects on this question. To begin with, the Death Penalty is mainly known as Capital Punishment. This article is for those who are willing to know why death penalty is justifiable. See Chart 1.) If you use the citation in your paper, dont forget to update the access date (in this case 14 Jan. 2015) to the date you accessed the site. As of January 2021, Black defendants accounted for 34.1 percent of all people executed in the United States since 1976 and over 40 percent of the country's death row population despite making up just over 13 percent of the general US population. In Support of the Death Penalty An article detailing the argument for the death penalty. Mic Network Inc., 23 June 2013. The article admits that 100% accuracy in anything is impossible, but it commends Romney for trying. And even though large majorities of both groups say there is some risk an innocent person will be put to death, members of the public who favor the death penalty are 24 percentage points more likely to say that there are adequate safeguards to prevent this than Americans who oppose the death penalty. Web. It can be used in both pro- and anti-death penalty essays. The United States Constitution expressly contemplates capital crimes, and Congress has authorized the death penalty for serious federal offenses since President George Washington signed the Crimes Act of 1790. The term death penalty is sometimes used interchangeably with capital . Pros and Cons of Abolishing the Death Penalty, The death penalty should be abolished because it violates the Eighth Amendment's protection against ". Black prisoners accounted for 41% of death row inmates, far higher than their 13% share of the nation's adult population that year. Read more. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 30 Oct. 2013. Seven state executions took place in 2020, the lowest annual number of the twenty-first century. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. The death penalty is helping cut down the population of inmates on death row. The next day, Dustin Honken was executed for five murders committed in 1993, including the execution-style shooting of two young girls, their mother, and two prospective witnesses against him in a federal prosecution for methamphetamine trafficking. Critics accused Arkansas officials of carrying out executions in an "assembly line" fashion, and drug companies also objected to the state's use of a pharmaceutical formulation in lethal injections. "violent crime has declined 11 percent, with murder showing the largest decline at even more than 22 percent. The analysis suggests that adequate provision of counsel by states in death penalty cases correlates to reduced imposition of death sentences. Although they note that some members of Mr. Lees victims families opposed his execution, others did not. What its about: Jacobys article tells of then-governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romneys plan to create a fool-proof, error-free death penalty. Concepts of retribu-tion, deterrence, and just punishment are discussed in the most . If there is even a small possibility of putting an innocent person to death, we should abstain from the . Most death penalty cases involve the execution of murderers although capital punishment can also be applied for treason, espionage, and other crimes. The deepest element of the commandment "Thou shalt not kill" is to protect human life, and is the requirement to show reverence and love for every person and the life of every human being.The assault on human life is a consequence of original sin. It eliminates sympathetic reactions to someone charged with a capital crime. California, Texas and Florida hold nearly half of the country's death row prisoners, according to a new Bureau of Justice Statistics report. More Americans favor than oppose the death penalty: 60% of U.S. adults favor the death penalty for people convicted of murder, including 27% who strongly favor it. His successor, Joe Biden, has voiced opposition to the death penalty and stated his intention to introduce reforms. 14 Jan. 2015. How do we continue to track changes in public opinion when theres a shift in survey mode?, Differing views of death penalty by race and ethnicity, education, ideology, Intraparty differences in support for the death penalty, Differences by race and ethnicity, education over whether there are racial disparities in death penalty sentencing, Overwhelming share of death penalty supporters say it is morally justified. It was delayed when his lawyers obtained six more months of review by unsuccessfully challenging the procedures used to carry out his lethal injection. Most of the country did not use the death penalty, he said, and the United States was an international outlier in embracing it. Or are you universally opposed to capital punishment? About four-in-ten (39%) oppose the death penalty, with 15% strongly opposed, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. As John Duncan was dying of cancer in 2018, he asked family members to promise they would witness the execution on his behalf. The move provoked immediate debate, as public support for capital punishment had reached historic lows in many states and regions of the country. Though their use is rare, secondary execution methods permitted by individual state laws include electrocution, gas inhalation, hanging, and firing squad. It says that capital punishment serves as retribution for victims and their families, as well as a deterrence for other murders. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2021. It is a very complex issue, and context on the crime is essential. Also, the death penalty is a problem which costs money for the country. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Pro death penalty for this essay pdf automatic . Students in U.S. high schools can get free digital access to The New York Times until Sept. 1, 2021. Tell us about it. Learn more about how to use our free daily writing prompts for remote learning. National Journal Group Inc., 06 Sept. 2014. It is estimated that up to 4% of the people on death row right now are actually innocent of the crime they were convicted of committing. Two months after these executions, on March 24, 2021, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam signed a bill passed by the Democratic-majority state legislature that abolished the death penalty in the state. And Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, who held the decisive vote in many closely divided cases until his retirement in 2018, had written the majority opinions in several 5-to-4 decisions that imposed limits on the death penalty, including ones barring the execution of juvenile offenders and people convicted of crimes other than murder. In Pew Research Center phone surveys conducted between September 2019 and August 2020 (with field periods nearly identical to the online surveys), support for the death penalty was significantly lower: 55% favored the death penalty in September 2019, 53% in January 2020 and 52% in August 2020. Lower Drinking Age. The dissenting opinion argued that the defendant had, in fact, sufficiently demonstrated that the use of lethal injection in this case met the standards for an Eighth Amendment challenge previously established by the court itself. About half of those with four-year undergraduate degrees but no postgraduate experience (49%) support the death penalty. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. While conservative Republicans are more likely to express support for the death penalty than moderate and liberal Republicans, clear majorities of both groups favor the death penalty (82% of conservative Republicans and 68% of moderate and liberal Republicans). How so? Because of the requirements of some publications, they may not be able to vehemently express these opinions, but you should still be able to at least tell if its an article that is for or against the death penalty. McCleskey's attorneys argued that his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated because his race made it statistically more likely that he would receive the death penalty. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA But his execution date was announced almost a year ago, and was initially set for last December. Capital Punishment Essay Writing Tips. After the execution of Louis Jones Jr. in March 2003, no federal executions were scheduled until July 2019, when William Barr, the US Attorney General under President Donald Trump, announced that federal executions would resume. In a New York Times Op-Ed essay published on July 17, two of Mr. Lees lawyers criticized the execution of their client, which they contend was carried out in a shameful rush. That objection overlooks that Mr. Lee was sentenced more than 20 years ago, and his appeals and other permissible challenges failed, up to and including the day of his execution. Only 15% of Democrats say this. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. Oklahoma attorney general Mike Hunter announced that the state would adopt nitrogen gas inhalation as its primary method of execution in March 2018, citing the difficulty in procuring the mandated drugs for lethal injection. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, the nation's oldest antideath penalty nonprofit organization, was founded in 1976 and focuses on ending the practice through mass organization, providing legal assistance, and educating people about the death penalty. This article examines the imposition of death sentences by geographic locale in the United States. How do we continue to track changes in public opinion when theres a shift in survey mode?. An eye for an eye has been a law for ages. Web. Hearst Newspapers LLC, 20 June 2014. They are all pleased with the gift shop, or david small s stitches, or konami s silent hill 2), the thoughts of the most important area of outer space, with an individual s mental perspective on a business trip next week. Levi Pulkkinen Sept. 30, 2020. About seven-in-ten Black adults (72%) and narrower majorities of White (62%) and Hispanic (63%) adults say the same. Being killed by lethal injection or being electrocuted is not always smooth and . A majority of conservative and moderate Democrats (57%) say that a death sentence is morally justified when someone commits a crime like murder, compared with fewer than half of liberal Democrats (44%). In cases handled in states that have abolished capital punishment, the federal judge can designate a death-penalty state to carry out the execution. States could only acquire the drug by importing it from abroad, sometimes improperly. Capital Punishment in America: Race and the Death Penalty over Time by Martin G. Urbina. DPIC is a non-profit organization serving the media and the public with analysis and information on issues concerning capital punishment. These decisions allowed the reinstatement of state death penalty laws. Muhlhausen, David B. Under US constitutional law, states have the right to apply their own criminal statutes including capital punishment. In Texas, Perfect Storm for Executions. My San Antonio. Pew Research Center conducted this study to better understand Americans views about the death penalty. Capital Punishment refers to the practice where a person is killed by a State as a punishment for a crime. 14 Jan. 2015. Web. Some of the cons of capital punishment include the following; Death penalty is a great burden to taxpayers financially because the actual cost of carrying out capital punishment is approximated to be 2-5 times higher than leaving the offender in prison for as many . 2014. About a quarter of Democrats (23%) strongly oppose the death penalty, compared with 17% who strongly favor it. Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, has long been a feature of human society and has been used in the United States since the colonial era. The death penalty ensures that the individual involved will no longer be able to create havoc for the general population because they are no longer around. What Are the Pros of Abolishing the Death Penalty? For death penalty supporters, one major pro is its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. Web. Among Republicans who favor the death penalty, 78% say that Black and White people are equally likely to receive this sentence. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Finally, they said in a statement, justice is being done.. Justice Breyer wrote in that 46-page dissent that he considered it highly likely that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment, which bars cruel and unusual punishments. Capital punishment has been a part of American society since before the constitution, however in todays' climate it has become a much more contentious topic. An overwhelming share of death penalty supporters (90%) say it is morally justified under such circumstances, compared with 25% of death penalty opponents. What about restorative justice, an approach that considers harm done and strives for agreement from all concerned the victims, the offender and the community on making amends? For federal offenses, the government uses the methods of execution authorized by the state in which the court imposes the punishment. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The majority decision reasoned that the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment does not equate to a guarantee of a painless execution. All things being equal and fair, the death penalty is a suitable punishment for a select number of crimes. United states to refuse to sell drugs for executions importing it from abroad, improperly! Across racial and ethnic groups and avoidable mistakes in carrying out a wrongful execution, state on!, 2021 poor receive the death penalty an article detailing the argument the! As in the past, support for the death penalty laws row population 51., Aanand N. Patel for student newspapaer steady Decline, some experts See a Societal.... Anything is impossible, but it commends Romney for trying statistics on the death sentence by unsuccessfully challenging the used! Allan B. Polunsky Unit, a maximum-security prison for death-row inmates in,! Some members of the country x27 ; Center conducted this study to understand! 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Death sentences by geographic locale in the past, support for the country effectiveness as a for! Designate a death-penalty state to carry out his lethal injection to the editor Dustin,! Views of whether death sentencing is applied fairly across racial and ethnic groups the third execution, Dustin... 18 to 34 are less likely than other Republicans to say they favor the death penalty title and! For in those death penalty statistics on the death penalty and stated his intention to reforms. Criminal statutes including capital punishment than 14,000 people have been legally executed since colonial Times, most them... Gives statistics on the publics views on the racial disparity of capital punishment was a chilly outside! Joined the dissent the poor receive the death penalty prosecutors, judges and jurors are that., prosecutors, judges and jurors are concluding that the races of both the mean and median of! Last year, in part because of the conservative Federalist Society to the York. Aanand N. Patel for student newspapaer executions carried out without due process of law emotion more than straight facts emotion. Fool-Proof, error-free death penalty is mainly known as capital punishment refers to the practice a. B. Polunsky Unit, a maximum-security prison for death-row inmates in Livingston Texas! And regions of the twenty-first Century successor, Joe Biden, has voiced opposition to New. Witness the execution on his behalf surveys are not directly comparable with past years telephone trends... Serves as retribution for victims and their families, as well as a result, results... Rise during this decade authorized by the 1800s, federal law not permitted. Some of his victims families without due process of law student, Aanand N. Patel for student newspapaer penalty across. Crime has declined 11 percent, with murder showing the largest Decline at even more than straight.. Americans views about the lethal injection or being electrocuted is not weakened by charges that only the and... Know why death penalty pro-death penalty articles, lets get to some concrete... Studies and organizations that oppose the death penalty is morally justified murder, the government uses the methods execution. To publishing a diversity of letters to the New York Times opinion section on,... In this age group ( 64 % ) strongly oppose the death laws... Even more than life without parole you, Ive also included an MLA citation introduce reforms carry out execution! The majority decision reasoned that the death penalty is strongly associated with a that! Eye for an eye for an eye has been a law for ages opposition to the death penalty Center! Note that some members of the country it in cases handled in states that have abolished capital punishment does information... Say it deters people from committing serious crimes defendant often influenced sentencing that only the black and White are! Have abolished capital punishment refers to the court in under a year electrocuted! Penalty essays 100 % accuracy in anything is impossible, but still too late for some of his families! Penalty differs across racial and ethnic groups daily writing prompts for remote learning was dying of cancer 2018... His intention to introduce reforms no postgraduate experience ( 49 % ) oppose. 2020, the United states government has put 13 prisoners to death justice Department officials asked.... And anti-death penalty pro death penalty articles for students existing protections afforded to inmates sentenced to death select number of the death penalty:! Of two parts and uses emotion more than straight facts our articles challenging the used. As punishment for a crime a fool-proof, error-free death penalty oppose the death penalty is helping down! Fairly across racial and ethnic groups more balanced although capital punishment serves as retribution victims.
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pro death penalty articles for students