the outbreak of the actual war. German Invasion of Denmark and Norway (also involved combat Why did Britain declare war on Germany in World War 2? This defeat (and the Soviet Unions eventual alliance with the Allies) is sometimes seen as a pivotal moment in World War II history. What If They Had Succeeded?" For the full "History Unplugged" podcast, click here! The United States Army Air Force joins with the RAF in bombing Nazi Germany. The offensive was both quick and extremely effective, as German forces were already assembled all throughout Italy as a result of the two countries' previously close alliance. Wait, When Germany invaded Poland, France and Great Britain declared war. Vichy France is established as a German puppet state in France, which is unlawful. It suffered from constant supply problems, largely as a result of underachievement in aircraft production. They rescued Mussolini and used him as head of a puppet government in the north. This raid is considered unusually successful and causes Hitler to order reprisals. Invading Belgium involved violating Dutch territory by going through the area known as the Maastricht Appendix. 2. In addition to securing Germanys northern border, the little countrys capitulation on the day of the invasion provided the Nazis with a strategically important base from which to launch operations. Both minerals and secure trade routes would be critical for the Germans' war effort. Aside from ideological motivations, Norways invasion was largely motivated by strategic considerations. Due to the collaboration between Italy and Germany, German soldiers were already in place across the country when the attack began. Czechoslovakia A new French government was established in the town of Vichy, which was in the unoccupied southern part of France. In the case of the German invasion of Norway, these reasons were of the utmost importance. On March 12, 1938, German troops march into Austria to annex the German-speaking nation for the Third Reich. The main German force deployed secretly into the Belgian forest, skirted the battle lines and surrounded the defenders, pushing them back toward the waters of the English Channel, resulting in the famous sea-bourne evacuation of more than 300,000 Allied soldiers at Dunkirk, France from May 26 to June 04 and the surrender of Belgium on May 28, 1940. But first, the Germans needed to defeat the Royal Air Force, because air superiority . Great Britain. As a result, longstanding Axis power Hungary had started secretly discussing capitulation with the Allies. Countries until Allied forces sweeping up from France after D-Day September 15: The Nazi party flag, which according to. actually joined Germany, Italy, and Japan in the Axis. Southern Denmark contained some German speaking people, and there were Nazis who hoped to occupy it in time. It was not, as an estimated seven million Ukrainian civilians (including a great many Jews) were slaughtered by Nazi troops. Yugoslavia. Italians from the British and Commonwealth forces based in Egypt. were still under German occupation when the war ended in May, Watch the full episode on Rumble or listen to the podcast on SpotifyIt is the one-year anniversary of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the decision by the U.S. and its NATO allies to treat the war as its . German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly occupied and civil-occupied (including puppet governments) by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945, during and shortly before World War II, generally administered by the Nazi regime, under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. The Americans would become involved in force in 1942. Clockwise from the north: Memel, Danzig, Polish territories, General Government, Sudetenland, Bohemia-Moravia, Ostmark ( Anschluss ), Northern Slovenia, Adriatic littoral, Alpine foothills, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, Eupen-Malmdy, Wallonia, Flanders, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Brussels. Faced with a difficult situationthe country had no military of its ownMonaco's Prince Louis II chose to welcome and cooperate with Monaco's occupiers, which enabled Monaco to escape the war with minimal death and destructionalthough the deportation of 90 people, mostly Jews, from "neutral" Monaco to Germany was an act that weighed on the national conscience for generations, and for which Prince Albert II apologized in 2015. Germany defeated and occupied Poland(attacked in September 1939), Denmark(April 1940), Norway(April 1940), Belgium(May 1940), the Netherlands(May 1940), Luxembourg(May 1940), France(May 1940), Yugoslavia(April 1941), and Greece(April 1941). Slovak Republic Mussolini was installed as a puppet leader in the north and the Allies were left clinging to a small portion of land to the souththough they would reclaim much of the country in the weeks that followed. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Prague, Czecho-Slovak Republic(19381939), Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich(19391945), Realm Commissariat East When the ultimatum deadlines expired, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 2, 1939. Germany, Hungary, Italy, Albania, and Bulgaria received a portion of the remaining Yugoslavian land after Germany conquered it. As promised in 1924 and 1925, France vowed to defend Czech territory but signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, which agreed to German demands that Sudetenland is handed over to Germany, despite its previous promises. Hitler was appointed to head and took over from there and started Within a day, Luxembourg was overwhelmed and captured by German tanks. Weren't they under German We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. HJ is based on the Jungstrum (Young Storm), which Hitler founded in Munich as an organization to recruit future members of the Sturmabteilung (SA), a paramilitary wing of the party. What was the first German city to fall in ww2? A second German surrender took place at Compigne, France, which was also the site of the first. What countries did Germany invade in 1943? intervening in North Africa and in the Middle East. However, German troops did enter San Marino in September 1944 and fought the Battle of San Marino against Allied pursuers from September 17-20. 1945. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-box-4','ezslot_2',261,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-box-4-0');1940: March 8-9: A Gee navigational aid for bombingdeveloped by the British and used by the RAF, the Royal Navy and later the U.S. Air Forceis first utilized by Allied forces on the city of Essen, and then Cologne soon after. fighting against the Germans). More than 1,046 bombers are part of this enormous effort, and 45,000 people are left homeless in Cologne. However, just over a year later on June 22, 1941, Germany declared war on the Soviet Union and invaded Lithuania (and later Latvia and Estonia). June 30: Known as the Night of the Long Knives (Roehmpurge), hundreds of Hitlers political enemies are executed. actually joined Germany, Italy, and Japan in the Axis. part of Germany. As in much of Europe, there were many people in Germany who feared Communism, and Hitler had added fuel to this fear, using it to support his rise to power. 1940 On June 22, 1941, German forces suddenly invaded the Soviet Union. Herman Gring, the head of the Luftwaffe, feared that the Dutch might respond by allowing the British to use their air bases to launch attacks against the Germans. against intervening British and French forces in Norway). This will allow Stalin to reassign troops from Siberia to meet the German invasion in the east. He planned to stop for a February 2: The last German soldier in Stalingrad surrenders. German Invasion of Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and In 1839, the United Kingdom, France, and Prussia (the predecessor of the German Empire) had signed the Treaty of London which guaranteed Belgiums sovereignty. A cease-fire was arranged between Italy and the Allies on September 3, 1943, after the overthrow of Mussolinis regime. The country also provided access to the mines of Sweden to the east and the south. Reich Commissariat Ukraine On September 8, 1943, Hitler invaded the former Axis nation. This gave Hitler's forces more "Lebensraum," or living space, which was in-line with Hitler's belief that the Germans had a right (as the "master race") to occupy a greater territory. France and Britain signed a In 1941, the United States actively joined forces with Great Britain and France to eventually defeat Germany, Italy and Japan. Nations On April 9, 1940, German warships enter major Norwegian ports, from Narvik to Oslo, deploying thousands of German troops and occupying Norway. What countries did Germany invade in 1943? Like the occupation of the Sudetenland, that of Austria was part of a drive towards a great Germany. Note From Glenn Greenwald: The following is the full show transcript, for subscribers only, of a recent episode of our System Update program, broadcast live on Friday, Febraury 24, 2023. attempted a repeat of their naval tactics from World War One, using a German Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece (also involved combat In World War II, Germany sought to defeat its opponents in a series of short campaigns in Europe. Wednesdays toll eclipsed American deaths on the opening day of the Normandy invasion during World War II: 2,500, out of some 4,400 allied dead. Germanys Italian ally, Italy, invaded Albania on April 7, 1939, and annexed it. In support of their mutual defense treaty obligations with Poland, France and Great Britain issued ultimatums to Hitler for the immediate withdrawal of German forces from Poland. Manned German weather stations also operated in North America (Greenland: Holzauge, Bassgeiger[de], Edelweiss base[de] 19421944). The Vichy government, under Marshall Henri Petain, declared neutrality in the war between Germany and Great Britain, but was committed by the armistice provisions to cooperation with Germany. The countries occupied included all, or most of the following: 1 July 1940 9 May 1945 (Bailiwick of Jersey), Provisional Government of the French Republic, Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France, Military Administration in the Soviet Union, Algiers, French Algeria(1942 August 31, 1944), German Reich/Greater German Reich World War Two in Europe is largely the story of Italy in the summer of 1943, the Italians deposed Mussolini and began [5] Some countries occupied by Nazi Germany were officially neutral. Germany and collaborating authorities soon initiated anti-Jewish policies and laws in occupied western Europe. According to my quick calculation, in WWII, Germany invaded 10 countries and one Free City, and also occupied areas of some of their allies (current or former): Poland (and the Free City of Danzig) Denmark. Most Austrians voted retroactively to approve the measure (although the Jewish and Roma peoples were not allowed to vote) and eagerly joined the Nazi cause. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Two years after the outbreak of World War II, German troops had taken over the whole continent of Europe using blitzkreig (flash war) tactics, which were ruthless and devastating at the same time. their countries and then he did it anyway. The figures and numbers quoted on this website are subject to change. what about the European countries of Austria and Czechoslovakia? Zentner, Christian and Friedemann Bedurftig, editors. The German invasion of Poland was a primer on how Hitler intended to wage war-what would become the "blitzkrieg" strategy. The greatest invasion in military history was the Allied land, air and sea operation against the Normandy coast of France on D-Day, 6 June 1944. Germany invaded Britain because Germany had a leader that was determined to take over Europe. Germany in World War Two, with dates and some detail as a 1939, Germany invaded and occupied many nations in Europe as well as Hitler proclaims himself Frher and Chancellor; the armed forces swear personal allegiance to the new head of state. The Germans could not let Italy surrender. Poland The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. Upon completing its takeover of Norway on June 09, the Germans secured access to North Atlantic trade routes that were vital to Europe, bolstering Germany's trade options while also complicating trade for Great Britain and France. Poland, a large country with a lot of agricultural lands, provided both an easy target and plenty of space. Battle lines were skirted by the covert deployment of the main German army, which encircled and pushed back Belgian defenders into the English Channel, leading to Dunkirks famed sea-borne evacuation of more than 300,000 Allied troops and the capitulation of Belgium on May 28, 1940. And so Britain was invaded, on a small scale. (June 22, 1941-this invasion would take German and Axis forces to May 10: On this evening in university cities across Germany, degenerate Jewish books are set on fire. The joining of Austria and Germany had been forbidden in the Treaty of Versaille at the end of World War I, but to Germany's Adolf Hitler, Austria was simply an extension of Germany. Soon after the Allied invasion of mainland Lithuania, which had adequate armed forces, agreed to join the Soviet Union and was eventually fully integrated. German military strategy involved invading the neutral Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg) in order to invade France. Quick Answer: Who Did Germany Invade After Poland? When did the United States enter World War II? June 2: Operation Barbarossathe German attack on the Soviet Unionbegins. The Italian invasion of Albania (April 7-12, 1939) was a brief military campaign by the Kingdom of Italy against the Albanian Kingdom.Italian invasion of Albania. To his contemporaries, the most ridiculously risky decision Hitler ever took was to invade Western Europe and try and conquer France in the spring of 1940. With increased living space, Hitlers army could expand their control region since he believed the Germans, as the master race, had a right to expand their borders. Countries Where Christianity Is Illegal 2022, Countries Where Gay Marriage Is Legal 2022, Interesting Facts About the Sahara Desert, Domains by Country / Domain Names by Country 2022, Russia (as Soviet Union - partial occupation), Czechoslovakia (the modern Czech Republic and Slovakia), Yugoslavia (modern Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia). Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The Sudeten region(s) of Czechoslovakia (38), Yugoslavia and Greece (with the help of Italy), Slovakia (formerly a part of Czechoslovakia). Order was rapidly restored when the Germans were defeated. What countries did Germany invade in 1943? Yet Germany did not defeat Great Britain, which was protected from German ground attack by the English Channel and the Royal Navy. Negotiated between Austria-Hungary and the Allies of the First World War, the treaty largely dismantles Weimar Germany and redraws the European map. July 24August 2: Hamburg is bombed with the most effective air raid of the European campaign, resulting in 50,000 civilian deaths. The Axis powers sent 3.8 million soldiers into the Soviet Unionmore than had participated in any invasion in known historyand fought along a zone of conflict 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) long. The German occupation would last until Soviet forces recaptured the Baltic states in 1944. The Netherlands fell soon after, surrendering on May 14 upon realizing it had no counter for the German Luftwaffe's devastating bombing campaign. The Western Allied invasion of Germany was coordinated by the Western Allies during the final months of hostilities in the European theatre of World War II.In preparation for the Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine, a series of offensive operations were designed to seize and capture its east and west banks: Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade in February 1945, and Operation . For its part, Dunkirk, Belgiums people, were told to leave the island after helping evacuate soldiers from the city. 2 German military strategy involved invading the neutral Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg) in order to invade France. 1939-1945: German This is the first directed action taken against Jews after the National Socialists seize power. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Italy was now effectively occupied by two opposing armies that of the Germans in the north and the Allies in the south. Reich Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France, Commissioner Government Watch the 2022 One Book, One Chicago keynote, Are you enjoying this season's One Book, One, Has this season of One Book, One Chicago and the, The Book Thief: One Book, One Chicago Fall 2012, Express Yourself: Creativity-Sparking Books. Many did, but those who stayed were subjected to occupation when the Germans arrived, took over, and began constructing defenses and (eventually) deporting residents back to Germany. The last Germans would not be repelled from Ukraine until October 1944, an event that Ukraine now celebrates every October 28 as Liberation Day. When the German air force failed to win air superiority over southeastern England in 1940, Hitler postponed the invasion until the spring of 1941. The most notable book burning takes place in Berlin, where more than 40,000 people attend to hear Joseph Goebbels speak. Following the loss of Germany in World War I, Hitler shifted his attention to France, which had previously invaded Germany in September 1939 before fleeing. Luxembourg. Among these were 19 panzer divisions, and in total the "Barbarossa" force had about 3,000 tanks, 7,000 artillery . Latvia and Estonia were given similar ultimatums on June 16 and quickly surrendered. When Germany decided to attack many countries at once in Western Europe, it moved its attention there. January-March: In the early 1930s the Nazi party becomes the second largest political party in Germany, and at this time Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany. More than 300,000 French and British troops were evacuated from the beaches near Dunkirk (Dunkerque) across the English Channel to Great Britain. The Germans viewed the defeat of Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) as a prerequisite for an invasion of the British Isles. On the other hand, German forces invaded San Marino in September 1944, and they engaged the Allies in the Battle of San Marino from September 17-20 that year. At its peak, World War II involved approximately 80 countries and territories spread across the entire globeand roughly one-fourth of those countries and territories were invaded and at least partially occupied by Germany, the leader of the Axis powers. Greece was then divided up between the Italians (who occupied the bulk of Greek territory), the Bulgarians, and the Germans. August: The Butt Report, created to verify the accuracy of RAF bombings, concludes that approximately only one-third of the RAF aircraft claiming to reach a target indeed succeeded in doing so. Germany's takeover of Sudetenlanda region of Czechoslovakia that bordered Germany and was populated largely by ethnic Germanswas accomplished almost without bloodshed. 3 However, the Nazi occupation was much worse and included the execution of roughly 95% of the roughly 210,000 Jews living in Lithuania. occupied Denmark and Norway until the end of the war in May, Germany defeated and occupied Poland (attacked in September 1939), Denmark (April 1940), Norway (April 1940), Belgium (May 1940), the Netherlands (May 1940), Luxembourg (May 1940), France (May 1940), Yugoslavia (April 1941), and Greece (April 1941). Austria had been part of the German Confederation until Prussia pushed it out in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, ensuring that Prussia led German unification five years later. In the Oct. Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. There had been an attempt to include Austria in a larger Germany in 1918 though other countries blocked this. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Why was Switzerland never invaded by Germany? nations (or parts of nations) from Germany quickly overran much of Europe and was victorious for more than two years. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war . There is a single political party, the NSDAP, under which labor unions, professional organizations, education, agriculture, religion and military service are all organized. These elite boarding schools teach and train German youth to be future party leaders. Finland? Kingdom of Romania 1940: January 20: The Wannsee Conference is held in Berlin, where the Final Solution of the Jewish Question is established. And in fact the Allies did benefit to a degree from Switzerlands neutral status. As for the Soviets, Hitler was hostile to their communist philosophy (as well as their numerous Jewish inhabitants) and saw repopulating western Russia as part of the Nazis destiny. Beginning with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, After the war, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia would be absorbed into the U.S.S.R. until 1990. The occupation was also marked by food shortages and fiercer-than-expected resistance from small groups of Channel Islanders. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. Additionally, German Kriegsmarine vessels operated in all of the world's oceans throughout the war. As a result, Hitler handed Hungarys prime minister Horty an ultimatum: appoint a neo-Nazi prime minister or face German invasion. New cases per day are running at all-time highs of over 209,000 on average. With more troops than any other invasion in history, Axis countries fought a 2,900-kilometer (1,800-mile) long battle zone in the Soviet Union. Germany occupied most of the so-called Low Hitler then refocused upon taking France, which had helped defeat Germany in World War I and had attacked Germany in September 1939 before retreating. July-August: Leaders from the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and the United States come together in Potsdam, Germany for talks regarding the occupation and reconstruction of Germany. The Germans were initially welcomed, even assisted by the Lithuanians, who saw the Nazis pushing out the country's Soviet occupiers. On September 1, 1939, German forces under the control of Adolf Hitler bombard Poland on land and from the air. Negotiations were held between him and Mikls Horthy (the Hungarian regent), who was left without an army commander in chief while he deployed soldiers to capture the nation. Germany, and then progressing to German submarine warfare on Allied December: State Youth Day is instituted, excusing Jungvolk and Jungmadel members from public school on Saturdays in order to enroll in the HJ organizations. Popular Pages Home More Info Search Navigation While many Czechs were displeased, the Munich Agreement was widely praised at the timeHitler had claimed the Sudetenland would be the last of his territorial claims, so the general belief was that the agreement had averted full-scale war in Europe. The German government was warned not to invade Poland by France and Britain. Outside of Europe proper, German forces effectively controlled areas of North Africa in Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia under ostensible British, Italian and Vichy French rule at times between 1941 and 1943. Why did Germany invade Poland? The German conquest of Sudetenland, a bordering area of Czechoslovakia home to a substantial German-speaking population, was done with little violence. In September of 1940, Germany even attempted to invade Great Britain by repeatedly bombing London. But the reason for its invasion in 1940 was a strategic one. During this time several other European, African and Asian territories were invaded by troops from Italy and the Soviet Union. The German Wehrmacht occupied European territory: as far east as the town of Mozdok in the North Caucasus in the Soviet Union (1942-1943) as far north as the settlement of Barentsburg in Svalbard in the Kingdom of Norway as far south as the island of Gavdos in the Kingdom of Greece as far west as the island of Ushant in the French Republic Poland (invaded by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939) Singapore Syria Thailand Tunisia (Occupied by the United States in 1943) Yugoslavia (Germany occupied the country starting on April 6th 1941) WW2 Neutral Countries Ireland Portugal Spain (Could be argued to be a supporter of the Axis) Sweden (except during the Winter War) Germany's annexation of Austria was one of the most unusual invasions of the war: The majority of Austrian people welcomed the Germans into the country, believing the Anchluss (German for "joining") would heal Austria's stagnant economy. Summer: Through concessions of the Nuremburg Laws, such as postponing anti-Jewish campaigns and permitting a few Jewish athletes to compete, a boycott of the Berlin Olympic Games is averted. Tiny Luxembourg was swiftly overrun by German tanks and surrendered within a day. Germanys failure to defeat the RAF and secure control of the skies over southern England made invasion all but impossible. Taking control of Norway on June 9 gave Germany access to important North Atlantic trade routes, increasing its trading choices but complicating those of the United Kingdom and France. In a related development, German ally Italy would invade and annex Albania on April 7, 1939. Londoners called this air raid attack the Blitz. However, this was not the case since Nazi soldiers massacred an estimated seven million Ukrainian citizens (including many Jews). Despite the Munich Agreement, Hitlers armies invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, completing his control of the nation. In March 1944, to prevent Hungary from leaving the Axis alliance, German troops occupied Hungary. Yugoslavia was invaded by the combined might of Germany, Italy, and Hungary following a coup d'tat that had overthrown YYugoslavia's Axis-friendly government. Manchuria, China. Securing a bridgehead in Normandy would allow the Allies to establish a viable presence in northern Europe for the first time since the Allied evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940. Loading In addition to this Nazi Germany Timeline, check out our World War Two timeline here. German Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939). The Munich Agreement had two key aims for Hitler. The Germans invaded during the course of WW2 : The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was a German protectorate (colony) called Bohemia and Moravia having been taken over in 1938 after the Munich Conference. 1, 1939, was joined by Stalin's Red Army as the Soviets invaded Battle of the Atlantic (beginning with an Allied blockade of After the seizure of power, measures to censor and ban politically opposing books are taken. Norway's invasion was also strategic rather than ideological and was primarily based on economic reasons. captured or destroyed by the middle of 1940. taking over other countries to gain more influence and power. By any measure, Operation Barbarossa was massive. This prompted Hitler to invade the former Axis power on September 08, 1943. In April 1940, the Nazis invaded the neutral countries of Denmark and Norway in order to protect their supply of . Outside of Europe proper, German forces effectively controlled areas of North Africa in Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia under ostensible British, Italian and Vichy French rule at times between 1941 and 1943. Upon Hitler's order to attack, the Germans simply turned on the poorly organized Italian forces and made short work of their former allies. The German 352nd Division lost 20 percent of its strength, with 1,200 casualties, but it had no reserves coming to continue the fight. Countries Invaded by Germany During World War II: Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia (modern Czech Republic and Slovakia) Denmark Estonia France Greece Guernsey (U.K. Channel Island) Hungary Italy Jersey (U.K. Channel Island) Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Russia (partial occupation) San Marino Ukraine Vessels operated in all of the first directed action taken against Jews after the National Socialists power... 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what countries did germany invade in ww2 in order