Years afterwards their unburied skeletons could be seen. All rights reserved. This extended family group inhabited the country north of present day Gresford. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 13 Apr 1923 Page 2 The Origin of Dungog. On being asked by what jury he would be tried, the prisoner replied by black-fellows ; but this of course the Court was not empowered to grant. Mack- ensie Massacre and the massacre on the Bowman River Flat. About this again was an outer casing of a freshly stripped sheet of stringy-bark, also bound with vines. Various articles by Gordon Bennett, chiefly in the Dungog Chronicle (GB). The upper stone was a water- worn basalt pebble flattened on one side only from use: It was used for grinding seeds, including those of the Kurrajong and it is the first I have seen from eastern New South Wales. From the time the novices left the kweealbang until now they have been compelled to carry pieces of burning bark everywhere they went, but they are now released from carrying the firebrands any more. It required but little effort to keep the communal larder filled to repletion. The shout then set up by all was deafening. Free, in-person guidance at any one of over 5,000 FamilySearch centers. it appears that from 14 to 20 blacks had come with a decided intention of killing some of the sheep if they could not get flour. Derby [carried] the letter. Wednesday, 23rd 1832]. The men stood behind beating boomerangs. There is a cleared path from one marked tree to another, and the boys are taken along this path to the next tree, when the same formality of clearing a space around its base is gone through, and the boys are again directed to look ul. Almost every evening one of the tribes present gets up a corroboree for the amusement of the others. In some other tribes there are series of sub-branches identified distinctively with their animal or bird totem, these groups being subject to rigid rules as re-gards inter-marriage, food taboos, and other things. The tribe had no special leader or chief during my memory of them, the older. The settlers from the Williams River side came across to the head of the Gloucester driving the blacks before them while the settlers on this side drove all the blacks up the river and at last cornered them on the small flat above McKenzies cliffs where they shot men women and children without mercy or consideration. The Wonnarua people (/hwnrjur/), a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunterfishergatherers in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. The diameters of this oval space were 28 feet and 20 feet respectively, being smaller than the oval near the camp. . The Valley was always there. I have seen small nails used for tipping spears, lances made in this fashion being particularly dead- ly. As everything relating to these ceremonies is kept very secret it is only hearsay. One of the men goes into the ring, swinging his bull-roarer, and the other walks along one side near the women. Toys were designed to amuse and educate children, and also to prepare them for adulthood. In some parts of the tract of country to which the ceremonies herein described apply, one of the front incisor teeth was formerly extracted during the time the novices were away at the keelaybang, but as this custom is not now enforced anywhere From conversations which I have had with very old black fellows, there appear to be some grounds for supposing that the custom was not universally carried out in the districts referred to. Company has done much in New South Wales towards making repro- ductive a huge slice of country that less than 100 years ago was the haunt of the blackfellow and the home of the kangaroo. Mr R. Dawson describes a meeting with some strange blacks. Wildlife dwindled. The [women], who played a part in this ceremony were made to lie down around the edge of the oval, al- though whether within or outside the defined ring I am not able to say with certainty. Before doing so, however, I peered into it and saw only a piece of rock crystal. The Wonnarua also had trade and ceremonial links with the Kamilaroi people. Mathews, R.H. 1897. The lads of the tribe were my playfellows. Many years later Enright (1937-40:91) wrote of having been given a grinding stone which had been found on the bank of the creek at Milgarra, near Bunnan. It was this ordeal that tested their physical and emotional abilities almost to breaking point. The rays of the sun then accomplished the remainder of the task. "We're not dissimilar to other groups, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal. The site is listed on the Register of the National Estate and is considered a sacred site. After being prepared by their families, the boys were now ready to experience the transition from boyhood to manhood. A few of the old men remain standing near them, armed with spears, to see that the covering is not interfered with. Pride . The sisters of the novices each pick up a piece of burning bark from a fire close by the ring, where they have been smouldering ready for use. Groups living near the Wonnarua include the Darkinjung and the Wirad The Kabook and Watoo people are West and South bordering the Wonnarura area. The flying-foxes would be thrown on a fire to cook, and strangely enough when roasted properly in aboriginal fashion, proved quite tasty. The men beleaguered in the hut were driven to dire straits, and as a last resource mixed arsenic in dampers and placed them where the natives had easy access to them. The women then assemble at the kweealbang fire, and assist the men to cut bark and bushes, which are laid in a ring round the fire ready for use by and bye. 101 0 obj <>stream to retire to the river he did not notice that a badly wounded man was left on the field, until he saw a Wallamba man rush out of the scrub and kill him with a nullah. When asked by the manager why he did such a thing the Wallamba man said, I finis him, and ran off again and thus ended the battle of Gloucester, which after all appears to have been a battle of words and much abuse, and not much else. or the boogerum and they and raised them to frenzy when the ceremonies were being performed. [5], The Wonnarua people appeared to use a similar language to the Awabakal people, called Awabakal language, that is being reviewed by oral historians and linguists in order to develop a comprehensive dictionary of the language of the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie regions. I do not hesitate to say that so long as the present prosperity continues we shall have no outbreaking with the blacks, for it was starvation alone that drove them to perform the cruel act they did two years ago. Close to the eastern side of the general encampment was the kackeroo, 40 feet by 29 feet, from which the yippang or path led away on a bearing of N. 85 E., ascending some sloping ground for a distance of 17 chains to the goonambang, on the crest of a low ridge. The perpetrators were the Barrington River natives. This means, that the big question remains unanswered. It is said that the youths mother is custodian of the tooth and takes great care of it. ), http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=584, "A salvage grammar and wordlist of the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie", http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/HRLM%20part%201.pdf, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Divisions/Academic/Library/Cultural%20Collections/pdf/miller1886.pdf, http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wonnarua.htm, "Aboriginal associations with the park area", http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHeritage.aspx?id=N0002, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/WNAC%20Strategic%20Plan.pdf, http://www.visitdungog.com.au/areahistory.php, https://sites.google.com/site/amcatmuseum/maitland-history, http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/caergwrle/index.html, http://www.tocal.com/homestead/history/overview.htm, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation website, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation Strategic Plan 20092012, http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=2&page=TIN_Tribal&level=3&code=4&item=E5, "Selected bibliography of material on the Wonnarua / Wanaruah language and people held in the AIATSIS Library", http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/library/docs/langbibs/Wonnarua_May08.pdf, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/about%20the%20wonnarua%202.pdf, List of Indigenous Australian group names, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonnarua&oldid=494492741. Privacy policy There have been as many as 2OO blacks at the Tillegra initiation ceremony, some coming from the Karuah. That night a white stone is given to each neophyte by some of the old men; it is put into a small bag, and is fastened to the boys girdle. But very seldom did they eat them raw. Two days prior to this, while in the Jerrys Plains area, Cunningham had noted Exocarpus [Native Cherry] and Sterculia heterophyllus [Kurrajong - NSW Herbarium] appearing in every part of the Forest. Here the two tribes met and fought. The Wonnarua people are the traditional land owners of the Singleton area and their lands extend throughout the Hunter Valley and have occupied the Upper Hunter for at least 30,000 years, with traditional knowledge holding that occupation extends back to the early stages of the Dreaming. Personal - Birth, death and marriage notices, inquests, obituaries, funeral notices, memorial notices, biographies, marriage items, kitchen teas, work and community farewells etc. And the aborigines there being contaminated and emboldened by such example have lately become most troublesome at the different stations in that locality, killing sheep and spearing cattle, without concealment, and when spo- ken to threaten the lives of the shepherds. Then they advance a few paces, and stamp one foot on the ground, and the hosts answer heh! 1844, my father, John Scott, being employed in a secretarial capacity at Carrington by the Australian Agricultural Company. The Port Stephens blacks : recollections of William Scott (National Library of Australia) (SCO), The journal of Charles Boydel (State Library of NSW) (CBJ). "The details are horrific Cato [an Indigenous man] was impaled on the front fence of the homestead, the other warriors were hung from the neck," he said. I would respectfully call on His Excellency for instructions how to proceed that such evil and improper conduct may be speedily checked and further evil prevented. They also believed that the koradji were possessed of wonderful supernatural powers and besides bringing disaster to others could affect cures of all manner of ills among theIr own tribe. These men were not allowed possession of fire arms. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. The adjoining parish, Belbora (correctly Baal Bora) owes its name to the tragedy. His bad attributes remained with the corpse. Doughboy Billy, to whom Mr. Boydell presented a brass plate with the inscription, King of the Tribe, died in the gully behind what is now Mr. R. G. Berrys. The principal headman then walks along the row of novices, bending down the head of each one until his chin is resting on his breast. The words were: Pindi pindeingy pindreingl cou-a-yana poon-maree wyv-gneahu Yangaronga gnaralonga cou-a-yana poon-maree wy-gneahn. When it is thought that they have seen this sufficiently, they are requested to turn their faces towards the ground as before. English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). Possum, bears [koalas] and snakes were relished Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 3 Sep 1918 Page 3 DAYS GONE BY. His depictions were not of the Gringai, but the assumption is made that the Gringai shared some of the ways of dress with the Indigenous Browne depicts. Figure 5: Richard Browne (17711824). The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. When nearly through, smoke would begin to rise, whereupon the efforts of the operator would be re-doubled. Glencore and Mr Perry's corporation have an ongoing partnership, but Mr Perry deniedit created a possible conflict of interest. Eather, and a description of the last combined Bora ceremony on the family property in 1852. But they seldom did this In the presence of the women. On hearing this noise, the guardians and other men present say to each other, That must be Thoorkooks dogs coming to kill the boys; let us cut steps in the trees near us so that the boys can climb up out of their way.. A. Cos men had sought shelter. There were a few aboriginals about in those times. Everything was sleeping. Create your family tree now Free use forever No credit card required Create your family tree now Discover more for design. A cord, made of possum hair, was passed around his body a couple of times, the ends being held by the woman who knelt on the ground, leaning over the little canoe of water. Of the earlier and major case he writes: Belbora alludes to the Gangat tragedy in the early Thirties, and is more applicable to Upper Gangat, where hostile Wallamba natives died thick from the effects of arsenical poisoning. So long as it wa s well warmed in the fire they would eat it with avidity. Company despatched their small body of veterans time-expired soldiers from Carrington to supplement the civilians, but the soldiers never reached the scene of operations, having halted and retired when within 6 miles of the station, fearing an ambush, leaving the decision to the two civilian bodies, who enacted a terrible vengeance. It is on record of authentic nature that incredible crudities were practised upon the poor blacks by some of these hardened wretches. The manner in which the Grlngai communicated their movements to following friends was noteworthy. There (were edible roots In the gullies, wild- fruits in the brushes. The Australian Museums Egyptian Collection includes over one thousand objects and is one of the largest public collections of Egyptian antiquities in Australia. [citation needed], It was forbidden to mention or talk about the name of Baiame publicly. community together, who may be called the Chief Initiator, sends out messengers to all the neighbouring tribes whom it is desired shall be present. Then he came forward to the fire no one speaking to him, nor apparently looking at him. This was to show that they were [grieving]. Gordon Bennett (reprinted 1964) p6-7. It featured rare objects, new cultural material made by Gadigal Elders, stories, film, songs and 8,000 archaeological pieces. . Coen was responsible for the storms, floods, droughts and fires and had carried off manyfor offences against tribal laws. When one of these messengers arrives at the camp of the tribe he has been directed to summon, he sits down in sight of the mens quarters, and some of them go over to him, knowing by his manner that he is the bearer of news to their tribe. They ascended the lofty Mackenzie Table land and located the first body of fugitive natives camped on the northern face of the mountain on a narrow shelf above a gigantic cliff which overhung a tangled mass of brush and vines. Of course, the whites could not for their own safety allow such an event to pass without in some way punishing the blacks, but the way they did retaliate must appear to us moderns as shockingly cruel but unfortunately for themselves the blacks were looked upon by the early settlers as vermin fit only to be destroyed. As with all aspects of Aboriginal history in the Hunter Region, evidence relating to diet is almost exclusively related to the coastal areas. By some unerring instinct the blacks knew to within a day when the first of the great shoals would appear through the heads. [11] As at 2009, the Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC) had three arrangements in place under Native Title and was planning to develop more. One escaped death there only to meet it a few hundred yards across the river, where he was caught by the pursuing foe. The same noise and blowing was repeated upon lowering the remains into the arms of his brother, who received them, and carefully placed it in what lie considered the most comfortable position, being most careful not a particle of earth should touch the body. Although there was some kind of communal ownership of everything about the camp, there was a distinct proprietary interest by individuals in certain things, particularly weapons. As it reached a terrific climax it ceased suddenly, to be succeeded by great shouting and yelling from the men. There were formerly several marked trees, around the goonambang, but they have all been burnt down and destroyed by bushfires. They learned to track the native animals, became wise in the ways of fish and bird, and made a game of life generally. [8], A range of alternate names for the Wonnarua people are Wanaruah, Wanaruwa, Wonnuaruah, Wannerawa, Wonarura, and Wonnahare. I was present at [a corroboree] 55 years ago with the rest of our family. They will remain in custody awaiting your orders respecting them. The kinship group was the economic and social unit of the tribe. When they get to the rear, they turn round and again throw pieces of hark over the heads of the men and boys. "There seems to be some sort of view that Indigenous groups need to be reaching consensus on all matters," he said. The flesh was cut with a little sharp stone, and then the black so operated upon would lie out in the sun. A. Cos. The men had as theirs the tiny bat that flies about at dusk, and this little winged sprite was re-garded with deep veneration. The blacks had lately been very troublesome and bold. In the far- off days of the first decade of the nineteenth century, the locality that we know as Dungog was called by its primitive inhabitants Tunkok or Tungog, both of which words mean, in the Awabakal dialect, the place of thinly wooded hills. The Wonnarua also had trade and ceremonial links with the Kamilaroi people. 5, Plate XXXI1). A dreamtime story from the Wonnarua explains how the hills and rivers in the Hunter Valley were created by a spirit called Baiame. The hull of the little vessel was made of a single sheet of bark of the stringy-bark (punnah) tree, obtained from a tall, straight clean bole. Any danger that might have arisen, through residence in malodorous and unhygienic environment was avoided in a very simple and practical fashion. It was also here at the goonambang that the boys experienced what was to be their harshest physical ordeal of the ceremony. This account is very characteristic of similar meetings observed by anthropologists in the Coopers Creek country. This, I was told, was the end, but to me it now seems clear that it was the beginning of the ceremonies, being the time when the contingents have arrived, and before the final part when the boys who are initiated are taken from their mothers. When the keerang come near, they spread out in a row in front of the men and boys, and throw pieces of bark over them, dancing as they do so. When the fumigating of the men and novices has been completed the women go away to their camp, which is close by, and the men proceed to theirsthe married men joining their wives later on. and direct savage attacks at the offender, beating him with their sticks until he was glad to fly m precipitate confusion, offering no retaliation or resistance No definite conception of an existence after death appeared to exist among the members of the tribe. The triangle icon that indicates to play. @R(p"X4H((@H Xd/50 [md>9Z` X$q)LUFl@?>v"(` 4x Baime has his arms stretched open protecting the Valley. Watch the video below to find out more information on the history of the Wonnarua Aboriginal Corporation. For most people, when they see a family tree chart, all they see are interesting pieces of history to help them learn about where someone came from. He did not own the land, the land owned him. . Discover cultural material and objects in our Indonesian collection. [They] have for some time past been deprived of their gins, by a named F t (supt to Mr John Lord, of this district) and that on hearing the story. As soon as it was taken off, the blacks would pass it back and forth across the flames of a fire to turn up the ends, which would be tied into position with sections of string and fibre. "This is not to say that a massacre or massacres did not take place," she said. And, no matter where he deposited his store, nor how many knew of its existence, the weapons were never touched again until the owner removed them. They never seemed to tire of the diet, and the schools of mullet yielded them more than enough for their wants during the period they would be in the harbor. . The rhizome of this fern, probably Blechnum sp. These were sacred to the owner. Some are said to have survived the operation for three days. When the prongs were properly fashioned and barbed, the head would be fitted to the shaft with fibre cord and gum from the grass tree. When these preparations had been made, the next thing was to find out who was responsible for the mans death, it being believed that all sickness wa s brought about by the machinations of an enemy. The Australian Museum now has links with Australian South Sea Islanders - ASSI (Port Jackson) - and decades of close links with Vanuatu, signified especially since its 1981 repatriation of the large now-famous Efate Island slit drum given in recognition of 1980 Independence. Celebrated Fisherman of New South Wales, in a canoe the woman sitting down is supposed to be is [sic] wife. The edges of the space were raised about nine inches. This was all their bodily protection against the elements, and their fullest concession to the conventions im- posed by the white people about. 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