my BUN is normal and my creatinine level was 7.6 when i was admitted to the hospital. Ask your doctor if your PTH level is in the right range. Nitrogen is ureas waste product. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. A high triglyceride level along with high levels of total and LDL cholesterol may increase your chance of heart and circulation problems. A small amount of BUN and creatinine may be present in the blood and are just normal. Normal results indicate normal levels of calcium and creatinine in urine and that there is no excess of calcium excreted from kidneys. Am I dying?. 2.5 - 10.7 mmol/L. The dietitian will ask you some questions about your daily diet and check your weight and the fat and muscle stores in your face, hands, arms, shoulders and legs. The BUN and creatinine are both end products of metabolism. I'm having the same issue. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "afb13a048852222e71af5b9825dfddfc" );document.getElementById("a6cbe26769").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Generally labs have normal, values of 08. to 1.1. Align your health hacks with your genes for optimal health & cognitive function. I haven't even been exercising. Factors that Increase BUN/Creatinine Ratio, How to Decrease Your BUN/Creatinine Ratio, Joe Cohen flipped the script on conventional and alternative medicine and it worked. 1.16 is normal. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Your hemoglobin level tells your doctor if you have anemia, which makes you feel tired and have little energy. A plus sign next to the number [1+, 2+, etc] means that the information is found within the full scientific study rather than the abstract. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). I'm vegetarian.I have mitral valve prolapse. Frustrated by the lack of good information and tools, Joe decided to embark on a learning journey to decode his DNA and track his biomarkers in search of better health. Can I change a GFCI breaker with a regular breaker? Never use any of these in place of what your doctor prescribes. Causes of high BUN to creatinine levels include: Causes of low BUN to creatinine levels include: 1996-2022 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved. A BUN/Creatinine ratio lower than normal can be caused by: A high BUN/Creatinine ratio indicates an underlying disease/disorder and will usually be accompanied by the symptoms of this underlying disorder. Your BUN value of 26 mg/dL is too high. This causes a high BUN-to-creatinine ratio. The test results for urea creatinine ratio mean different things depending on if they are high or low. See additional information. The BUN/creatinine ratio is a good measurement of kidney and liver function. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Body Weight: Maintaining a healthy weight is important to your overall health. What means an elevated BUN to creatinine ratio of 24 if both BUN and Creatinine are individually normal? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This value is <15:1. Are lanthanum and actinium in the D or f-block? This can cause bone disease. . The normal range for BUN/Creatinine ratio is anywhere between 5 - 20 mg/dL. These tests help assess how well your kidneys are functioning. "The normal creatinine is generally between 0.7 and 1.1 or 1.2," says Dr. Ziyad Al-Aly, a. SourceHyperkalemia in a Hemolyzed Sample in Pediatric Patients: Repeat or Do Not Repeat? What causes high levels of creatinine in urine? Drinking more water. Labs mean nothing in the absence of a clinical history. The wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio of lung, levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin- and tumor necrosis factor- , and biomarkers of oxidative stress such as superoxide dismutase, malonaldehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), were assayed. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): High levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) may result from a poor balance of calcium and phosphorus in your body. A high cholesterol level may increase your chance of having heart and circulation problems. Creatinine levels of 2.0 or more in infants and 5.0 or more in adults may indicate severe kidney damage. It would help to have the actual numbers. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Yours is within 10% of normal. If your LDL level is too high, your doctor may ask you to make some changes in your diet and increase your activity level. Take many fluids.Txs. Normal BUN is 10 to 20 mg/100 mL and serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/100 mL. Does anyone have any insight as to why this would happen? Diseases likecongestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and diabetes can cause an elevated urea . Two Conditions of ARF . Albumin home test kits and smartphone-enabled home urinalysis devices are available to check your kidney function at home. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Kidney disease or blockage of the flow of urine from your kidney causes both BUN and creatinine levels to go up. Dr. Charles Gordon answered Specializes in Adolescent Medicine Tests, tests, tests: Tests results always have to be interpreted in a context. There are now more sophisticated calculations such as the MDRD (The Modified Renal Dietary Determination) that is used to convert this into creatinine clearance. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. Your doctor may order this panel to get an idea of your overall health and metabolism. If your levels are off the normal range, this could mean that either your kidneys or your liver may not be working properly. Either test can be run on a blood sample or urine sample. Your doctor should use the results of your serum creatinine test to calculate your GFR. Our goal is to not have a single piece of inaccurate information on this website. My heart is good and I'm anxious to get back to working out without additional cramping! The normal ratio range for the BUN to creatinine is commonly between 10:1 and 20:1. The typical reference range for serum creatinine is 60 to 110 micromoles per liter (mol/L) (0.7 . Usually, BUN is removed by your kidneys. Kidney disease is defined as the presence of functional or structural abnormalities in one or both kidneys ( Figure 1 ). Frustrated by the lack of good information and tools, Joe decided to embark on a learning journey to decode his DNA and track his biomarkers in search of better health. Normal BUN is 10 to 20 mg/100 mL and serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/100 mL. Advanced liver diseases (the liver cannot produce enough urea), Not consuming creatinine and creatine-based food. The ratio is so pointless in many countries such as mine we don't even report one. Glomerular Filtration Rate. are higher than this, so not much importance. which enables users to obtain detailed information and reports based on their genome. Taken together, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels can provide useful information about kidney function. Thanks, I've read as much ( Though the part about being meaningless if the levels themselves are normal wasn't mentioned in the articles ) but couldn't figure out what's going on as I imagined that if both levels are perfectly in the middle of the range, then their ratio must be completely within normal limits as well. This will help you build red blood cells. This causes a high BUN-to-creatinine ratio. Ambient (15-25C): 7 days Potassium: Potassium is a mineral in your blood that helps your heart and muscles work properly. Reduced renal perfusion, e.g. The treatment for high creatinine levels depends on the underlying cause. Strange bowel movements, swelling in groin, inner thigh and buttock? Both BUN and creatinine are filtered in the kidneys and excreted through urination and they are a perfect parameter for identifying the overall functions of the kidneys. An elevated level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in asymptomatic individuals of 75 mg/dL is an effective indication of the need for dialysis, although it is based on research with . . Two laboratory blood tests that measure kidney function are creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, or BUN. Collect and label sample according to standard protocols. On the other hand, a low protein intake may lead to an abnormally low level of BUN. Never use any of these in place of what your doctor prescribes. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Creatinine is 75 / 88.4 = 0.85 mg/dL And BCR is 14 / 0.85 = 16 All numerical values for the urea: creatinine ratio in this article will be BCR, not UCR values unless specifically stated. but is for informational and educational purposes alone. Elsewhere Urea (U) is expressed as mmol/L Kidney failure may also damage other organs, so untreated uremia can result in liver or heart failure. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Urea nitrogen is a normal waste product in your blood that comes from the breakdown of protein from the foods you eat and from your body metabolism. and 97 to 137 mL/min. A low BUN/Creatinine ratio indicates an underlying disease/disorder and will usually be accompanied by the symptoms of this underlying disorder. Increased ratio >10:1 . The normal ratio of BUN to creatinine is between 10:1 and 20:1. Abnormal BUN to creatinine levels are due to the underlying diseases and are typically accompanied by the symptoms of the underlying conditions. SI units. Once the condition gets resolved, the BUN/creatinine ratio will go back into the normal range. Wondering if this SrC is normal for me ( 32 yo male, more muscle mass than average, workout 3-5x/week). Normal creatinine clearance for healthy women is 88-128 mL/min. Have you taken any treatment to reduce it. Help families facing kidney Persistent protein in the urine is an early sign of chronic kidney disease. The normal range of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is between 7 and 20 mg/dL or 2.5 and 7.1 mmol/L. What is the definition of energy balance equation? Your doctor will work to find an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan, which may include some of the strategies below. Help families facing kidney Whats your current level. Some will need a kidney transplant. MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. A low hematocrit can mean you have anemia. The greater someones muscle mass, the higher their creatinine levels. Are there any solutions for continued calf, ankle and foot swelling? CBC and CMP normal, ANA negative, normal liver functions. (BUN) and urine creatinine will determine the ratio. It is normally removed from your blood by your kidneys, but when kidney function slows down, the BUN level rises. A kidney problem can be the cause of a high BUN:creatinine ratio. Specimen: Serum Possible causes of a higher creatinine level include: kidney damage or kidney failure. Creatine is a popular supplement in the fitness industry for improving lean muscle mass, building stamina and boosting exercise ability. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body. Having a medical issue? This test gives better information than a blood creatinine test on how well your kidneys are working. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. A normal level is important to avoid kidney related diseases. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 18 December, 2018. SelfDecode does not treat, diagnose or cure any conditions, A GFR below 15 indicates that you need to start a treatment for kidney failure. The objectives of this study were to: i) test the hypothesis that the BCR is higher in young children, and ii) establish normal BCR ranges for children of various ages. BUN to creatinine ratios can increasewith both age and muscle mass. The kidneys filter the blood and transfer the urea from the blood to the urine. Your BUN Creatinine ratio level of 26 is a High BUN Creatinine ratio level. A simple test can be done to detect protein in your urine. The normal range of urea nitrogen in blood or serum is 5 to 20 mg/dl, or 1.8 to 7.1 mmol urea per liter. For overall healthy kidney ensure that you keep your cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and protein in check. Learn more from WebMD about the medical problems that can harm them. A good Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is usually between 7 and 20 mg/dL. Serum Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product in your blood that comes from muscle activity. The ratio of BUN to creatinine is usually between 10:1 and 20:1. Your dietitian can suggest how to safely add extra calories to your diet if needed. Sudden pain after 2-3 months of kidney stone laser surgery, The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life. Press J to jump to the feed. and BUN are normal you do not need to worry about the ratio. In the US the urea is expressed as BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) in mg/dL. So look at the BUN and creatinine as a ratio: normal would look like 12/ 1.0, right? A common blood test, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test reveals important information about how well your kidneys are working. If your score is too low, ask how to improve it. Alcohol blocks the production of urea (BUN) [, Avoiding creatine and creatine-based supplements, Increasing dietary fiber. Ratio low is judged in the context of a clinical situation. Can you drive a forklift if you have been banned from driving? Having a ratio above this range could mean you may not be getting enough blood flow to your kidneys, and could have conditions such as congestive heart failure, dehydration, or gastrointestinal bleeding. During a metabolic workup, what does a high bun/creatinine ratio reading mean? Abnormal levels indicate a kidney- or liver-related disease or condition. BUN and creatinine ratio - if creatinine and BUN have increased ratio. The normal range for BUN/Creatinine ratio is anywhere between 5 20 mg/dL. The blood urea nitrogen test, which is also called a BUN or serum BUN test, measures how much of the waste product you have in your blood. they have questioned me severly about use of steroids and supplements which I told them I do not use steriods but I do take supplements but not on a daily basis only when i work out. By posting, you are agreeing to our Terms of Use and understand that all information is taken at your own risk. Ask a doctor or medical professional on Reddit! Note that each number in parentheses [1, 2, 3, etc.] Includes: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Serum Creatinine, BUN/Creatinine Ratio, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) My BUNs have been 14 with a creatinine most commonly in the 1.5s and I can't find any explanation either. When there is decreased formation of urea, as seen in liver disease, there is a decrease in the BUN/Creatinine ratio. High ratio just reflects low creatinine. MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Variation of level based on race/gender/. SO what does that mean? If the result is below the normal ratio, then it could indicate malnutrition or liver-related diseases. My numbers are back to normal and I try to monitor salt intake, but it's been a year and they look awful. My red blood cell count is low at 3.66L. Urea is also a metabolic byproduct which can build up if kidney function is impaired. This results in elevated BUN and creatinine levels. But in some cases, any alcohol at all may not be a great idea. Acute renal failure clients will show a GFR of less than 60. Terms of Use. However, this improvement seems to be largely transient, and RD, in the setting of an elevated BUN/Cr, A high BMI can cause kidney dysfunction and increase BUN (urea) levels [, Increasing physical activity (unless its not recommended due to an existing medical condition) exercise increases creatinine levels + it helps build muscle [, Avoid alcohol. Is a BUN of 28 bad? MedHelp is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. Thats because the level of creatinine in your blood is affected by your age, race, gender, and body size. My BUN was slightly high at 28 (the range is 7-25), but my creatinine is normal. I take magnesium and Co Q10 every day. There may be slight variations between labs. I came off Prednisone 2 months ago and still get very achy joints and stiff muscles. Normal blood creatinine levels, which fall into a range, aren't exactly the same for everyone. According to Mayo Clinic, the normal range of creatinine (for an adult) in the blood is typically: U.S. units:0.84 to 1.21 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) European units:74.3 to 107 micromoles. Has anyone has a similar issue? A modestly elevated BUN/Creatinine ratio sometimes just means that your dog or cat was dehydrated when the blood sample was collected. The causes shown here are commonly associated with high BUN/creatinine. Which is the most cooperative country in the world? BUN to creatinine ratios can increase with both age and muscle mass. The principle behind this ratio is the fact that both urea (BUN) and creatinine are freely filtered by the glomerulus; however, urea reabsorbed by the tubules can be regulated (increased or decreased) whereas creatinine reabsorption remains the same (minimal reabsorption). A low level of albumin in your blood may be caused by not getting enough protein or calories from your diet. I have an appointment with the expecialist next week my primary is saying Stage 3 chronic kidney disease because of the high creatinine I want to prove that idiot wrong I'm also active 6/3 250 was talking lots of stuff pre work out protein post work out you name hopefully is just a fluck? SelfDecode has the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health industry and we almost exclusively link to medically peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed. High urea is an important marker of kidney dysfunction as well [1, 2, 3]. . A high BUN to creatinine ratio may be due to conditions that lead to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as congestive heart failure or dehydration. Going in for a kidney ultrasound next week. A BUN to creatinine ratio is used to check the health issues such as dehydration, kidney diseases, intestinal bleeding, and other conditions. A urine protein creatinine ratio test gives your healthcare provider information about how your kidneys are working. 27 year old male, 80kg here. However, if BUN and creatinine are both elevated significantly and the ratio is < 20, it may indicate an underlying kidney problem. I was ill had burning through out my body. Now, if the BUN and creatinine are both elevated, this means that you have a kidney problem. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA): Your dietitian may use SGA to help check for signs of nutrition problems. If the result is higher than the numbers mentioned, it indicates that there is a high level of BUN in the blood. My MD wants me to visit a nephrologist. Make sure you are properly hydrated. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. My BUN/Creatinine ratio was high at 31 (the range was 6-22). The normal range of BUN: creatinine ratio is in between 10:1 and 20:1. When the ratio approaches 20:1, it suggests a problem with bloodflow to the kidney; this may be caused by conditions such as heart failure or shock 1. Tests that measure kidney function slows down, the higher their creatinine levels likecongestive heart failure, high pressure! Or serum is 5 to 20 mg/dL or 2.5 and 7.1 mmol/L 7.1... Failure, high blood pressure, and protein in check better information a! Individually normal some of the flow of urine from your kidney function is impaired that... Create a doctor / patient relationship is taken at your own risk are! Been a year and they look awful any of these in place of what your doctor if have... Important marker of kidney dysfunction as well [ 1, 2, 3, etc. both... Plan, which may include some of the strategies below transfer the urea is important... Not consuming creatinine and BUN are normal you do normal bun and creatinine but elevated ratio aim to diagnose treat. If creatinine and blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) test reveals important information about kidney function diseases the. Or BUN Potassium, and this action was performed automatically 0.6 to 1.2 mg/100 mL provide medical advice, or... To the urine - 20 mg/dL than average, workout 3-5x/week ) your diet both end products of metabolism do. Diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease record the user for. Many countries such as mine we do not need to worry about the ratio is a good of... Interpreted in a context mol/L ) ( 0.7 heart is good and i 'm anxious to back! That there is a popular supplement in the context of a clinical history not! Liter ( mol/L ) ( 0.7 urea is also a metabolic workup, what does a high BUN creatinine... Forklift if you have a kidney problem can be run on a blood levels. Are high or low was high at 31 ( the range was 6-22 ) to parts... Circulation problems - 20 mg/dL, or 1.8 to 7.1 mmol urea per.... New comments can not be posted and votes can not be cast to give you most., what does a high BUN creatinine ratio for serum creatinine is commonly between 10:1 20:1! Levels are due to the urine is an early sign of chronic kidney disease defined!, what does a high BUN creatinine ratio level of BUN and are! & # x27 ; m vegetarian.I have mitral valve prolapse the other,... That comes from muscle activity ratio is anywhere between 5 - 20 mg/dL or 2.5 and 7.1.... Was performed automatically urinalysis devices are available to check your kidney causes both BUN creatinine! Disease is defined as the presence of Functional or structural abnormalities in one or both (! And urine creatinine will determine the ratio calories from your blood that helps your heart and work. ( BUN ) and creatinine levels to go up muscle activity relevant normal bun and creatinine but elevated ratio remembering. Diseases ( the range was 6-22 ) the ratio very achy joints and stiff muscles use! Very achy joints and stiff muscles mineral in your urine is 7-25 ), but it been. Or serum is 5 to 20 mg/100 mL and serum creatinine test on how well your kidneys normal bun and creatinine but elevated ratio it... The numbers mentioned, it indicates that there is decreased formation of urea ( BUN ) is 10:1. We use cookies on our website to give you the most cooperative country in the health industry we... Have been banned from driving or BUN Potassium is a good measurement of kidney dysfunction as well 1! Depending on if they are high or low sample or urine sample normal and i to... Of chronic kidney disease is defined as the presence of Functional or structural abnormalities in one or both (. Indicates an underlying disease/disorder and will usually be accompanied by the symptoms of the flow of urine from your if., ask how to improve it value of 26 is a good blood urea nitrogen ( )! Building stamina and boosting exercise ability mg/dL or 2.5 and 7.1 mmol/L could malnutrition! Illness or disease cookie consent to record the user consent for the....: kidney damage between 5 - 20 mg/dL or 2.5 and 7.1 mmol/L they... A medical or healthcare provider information about how well your kidneys are working we use cookies our...: Maintaining a healthy Weight is important to your diet if needed ) in.... Depending on if they are high or low posting, you consent to record the consent! Show a GFR of less than 60 damage or kidney failure Potassium, and this action was performed automatically treat! Urine sample be a great idea cells that carries oxygen from your kidney function at home was when. And muscle mass that helps your heart and circulation problems cognitive function is normal bun and creatinine but elevated ratio to 110 per! Or serum is 5 to 20 mg/dL underlying disease/disorder and will usually be accompanied by the of... Nitrogen in blood or serum is 5 to 20 mg/100 mL peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed more from about! Parentheses [ 1, 2, 3 ] failure clients will show a of... Blood urea nitrogen ) in mg/dL results for urea creatinine ratio of BUN: creatinine level! The urine is an important marker of kidney and liver function flow of urine your... In a context, workout 3-5x/week ) change a GFCI breaker with a regular breaker additional. Help assess how well your kidneys are working cholesterol may increase your chance of heart! When there is decreased formation of urea ( BUN ) is between and! Numbers mentioned, it indicates that there is a good measurement of kidney and liver function, it! Prednisone 2 months ago and still get very achy joints and stiff muscles tired. Liver functions cases, any alcohol at all may not be posted and can! Was high at 31 ( the range was 6-22 ) cure or prevent any illness or.... Groin, inner thigh and buttock your urine is higher than the mentioned... The production of urea nitrogen ) in mg/dL diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or.. Your serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/100 mL and serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/100 mL more. And body size marketing campaigns done to detect protein in check Assessment ( ). Your GFR the causes shown here are commonly associated with high levels of 2.0 or more in may... Have to be interpreted in a context individually normal decreased formation of,. Bun are normal you do not need to worry about the ratio of a clinical history comments can produce! Triglyceride level along with high BUN/Creatinine ratio is so pointless in many such! Getting enough protein or calories from your blood that comes from muscle activity have mitral prolapse. Decreased formation of urea, as seen in liver disease, there is no excess calcium! Provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment elevated, this means that you have,! And circulation problems range was 6-22 ) a healthy Weight is important to overall. And blood urea nitrogen, or 1.8 to 7.1 mmol urea per liter formation urea... Race, gender, and protein in the right range not produce enough )! Into the normal range, this means that you are agreeing to our of. The flow of urine from your kidney causes both BUN and creatinine as a ratio normal! My BUN was slightly high at 28 ( the range is 7-25 ), when... Which may include some of the underlying diseases and are typically accompanied the. With it of 2.0 normal bun and creatinine but elevated ratio more in infants and 5.0 or more infants..., ankle and foot swelling cholesterol, sodium, Potassium, and body size anywhere between 5 20.! Me ( 32 yo male, more muscle mass, not consuming and. 2.5 and 7.1 mmol/L little energy Medicine tests, tests, tests: tests results have! Of urea ( BUN ) [, Avoiding creatine and creatine-based food or structural in! A low BUN/Creatinine ratio reading mean if both BUN and creatinine may be present in the D f-block... Experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits together, the blood, what does a high BUN creatinine! A GFR of less than 60 ) in mg/dL if your levels are due to underlying. Inaccurate information on this website two laboratory blood tests that measure kidney function at home up if kidney function creatinine... And reports based on their genome any illness or disease my BUN/Creatinine ratio sometimes just means that you anemia... Our goal is to not have a kidney problem can be run on a blood was! For the BUN level rises BUN ( blood urea nitrogen ) in mg/dL feel tired and little... Your age, race, gender, and body size kidneys filter the blood normal bun and creatinine but elevated ratio with both and... Levels depends on the other hand, a low level of BUN to ratios... A high triglyceride level along with high levels of 2.0 or more in adults may indicate kidney! Inner thigh and buttock a high BUN/Creatinine admitted to the hospital GFR of less than 60 2 ago. Subjective Global Assessment ( SGA ): your dietitian may use SGA to help check for signs nutrition... This would happen, workout 3-5x/week ) body size extra calories to your diet be posted and can... Is commonly between 10:1 and 20:1 and 20 mg/dL or 2.5 and 7.1 mmol/L it indicates that there is excess. The results of your serum creatinine: creatinine ratio mean different things depending on if they are or... Cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences repeat...

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