7 common causes of project failure (and their solutions) Thankfully, these common problems are solvableso with some advance planning, you can stop failure in its tracks. Despite many delays, obstacles, and litigations, the modern Wembley Football Stadium eventually opened to the public in 2007. This occurs because of the high instalments that WNSL has to pay for the loans and because the stadium does not host the maximum number of events as it was predicted. Multipex was the only company willing to take it on for the price. The mistake to calculate again the extra cost which would be until the government accept the project and after to sign a contract with Multiplex had as conclusion to looking for founders for a long time in order to start the project after the approval and also to be at the courts with Multiplex until now to be decided who has the responsibility. These problems led to significant delays. Each of these features is responsible for a unique part into the development and the finishing of the project. (Jeremy Wilson, 16/5/2008, Wembley aim to turn a profit, The Daily Telegraph). e.g. Project stakeholders are not necessary actively involved in the project but are also people or organisations whose interests probably impacted by the project being executed. In fact, the forecast was wide off the target. Wembley is the most expensive stadium in the world with the most fantastic design and includes so many comforts that nobody could expect that from a stadium. That was the disaster of the project as because of that long delay the costs for the project had raised to 757 million pounds, almost double from the estimated amount. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. This may have lead to two interesting situations, in which it appears more junior employees were better informed about the project than senior management, perhaps because the implications of delay for so serious for profitability that information was not eagerly shared, note than around this time senior management was making statements that the project was on track: It is also interesting that after the reviews were disclosed, management then instituted a peer review process to better assess the performance of in flight projects. The lack of quality from the executives of the project was clear as they did not use the appropriate logistics for the economic configuration of the needs of the project. By using the word temporary means that every project has a specific end. The stadium uses an innovative steel arch that adds aesthetic appeal, but is also load bearing and minimizes the need for internal support that could have obstructed views within the stadium. Nothing of these happened, as the stadium opened on 2007. The Gunners have are having an outstanding season in the Premier League with Mikel Arteta's side leading the . Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. . If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! After a lot of disapprovals from the English banks, finally the FA signed a loan agreement with a German bank named WestLB in order the work at the new stadium to finally start. And this in spite of hiring the best consultants and contractors. Copyright 2023 Institute of Project Management. More surety before starting the build, and more care with public money is obviously called for! Cleveland Bridge warned Multiplex about the rising costs of constructing the arch. What Can ChatGPT Do for Project Management? In our modern, high-tech age are we any better at getting big things built on time, and to cost? Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. This button displays the currently selected search type. This is typical of projects that are too innovative, and is one of the reasons that the Denver Airport Baggage System failed. Except these, there other external stakeholders like environmentalists and regulatory authorities (health and safety) which maybe not involved with the project but they can influence the result. For a project to be considered as real success, there are three components to be evaluated. !! Below, there are the cons that count as main reasons for the fail of the project. The Institute strongly believes that the best learning experience is not just theory. The project took 5 years longer than first estimated and costs were more than double initial estimates. The vast majority of both lines was fully workable by 10/10/10. England sporting legend Steve Harmison stood on top of the world after winning the Ashes in 2005 and ending a painful 17-year drought of success for his country. Even an upgrade of all the roads that go to the area happened which valued millions of pounds. Multiplex eventually took Cleveland Bridge to court. The arch is an integral part of the stadium's design and supports 60 per cent of the roof's weight. If there is anything that I have learnt is you can reasonably expect the estimate cost to be double and take you four times as long or four times the cost and twice as long if you dont understand the scope of supply or the complexity of the project. For all the best sporting events and priority access to entertainment, Club, Section 112 is tagged with: behind goal. The stadium now generates revenue for the owners and provides a suitable venue for football matches and other local events. Famous brands of restaurants, pubs and shopping malls opened in the area. So, how did this badly run project end up with a good outcome? The arch implementation was problematic, ultimately the sub-contractor for the arch was replaced midway through the project, and the delay caused further problems. The most positive calculation was the estimation of gaining profit from the first year which the stadium will open (the opening supposed to be on May 2006). Multiplex was already facing delays and issues related to the arch's construction when a devastating accident occurred. Three myths of project management | Strategic PPM, Project Failure Channel Tunnel | Strategic PPM, The Winners Curse And How To Solve It | Strategic PPM, debate da CBN sobre o Legado da Copa do Mundo bora, What Project Managers Can Learn From Advertisers. Can we learn from them? At this part of the report, which is the conclusions, the pros and cons of each element which took place at the evaluation will be mentioned in order to be decided if the project is at last success or failure. The stadium has a special design feature. Unfortunately, this fine did not stop project managers from finding ways to cut corners and complete the project quicker. Wembley stadium is the home of English football (or English soccer if youre American) and was rebuilt in the 2000s replacing the original structure from 1923. Wembley stadium is in England and mostly used for football matches and was first constructed in 1923. Cost management Final cost (757 M) is more than double from initial estimate (326 M). 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As it is mentioned above, it is project managers responsibility to identify all the stakeholders and verify their needs and expectations. Instead, Wembley stadium contributes for the save of the planet as different ecological events take place at the stadium, including the Live Earth, one of the biggest ecological events in the world. Relocating utilities, dealing with contamination, and preserving existing structures above ground were all cited as significant issues. Areva-Siemens, meanwhile is counter claiming for 3.4bn, making this project a contender for Mother of All Construction Disputes. The following facts show that Multiplex has not such a great experience of building stadiums as the WNSL had acknowledged and expected. Costed initially at $2.8bn (in 1982 dollar values), it was supposed to be finished in 1998, but only in 2004 was it 95% complete, and the final ramp began carrying vehicles in January 2006. It is safe to say that the new Wembley Football Stadium construction was ultimately a successful project. As the future showed the techniques that the manager director of WNSL said that will turn the things around were not effective as the end of 2008 found the Wembley stadium with 31.1 million pounds pre-tax loss. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Harmison on meeting. Plus, who else is gigging in '23? Come on. Final Project mandi mikes the wembley stadium project final project 12.12.2021 table of contents page key project page project page page planning page . The project took 5 years longer than first estimated and costs were more than double initial estimates. Demolition on the old Wembley Stadium officially began in September of 2002. Except the non-profitable organisations, every company after the completion of a project that creates expects to be profitable in order to be able to pay the operating expenses, the loans that made to develop the project and some extra money to have in the account to feel that the project is healthy. UK newspaper The Telegraph commented in 2007: "The Wembley hangover has dogged Multiplex and seen the company struggling to restore its reputation just three years after it was listed in Australia. Philippa. Unfortunately, for the same reason as for the previous goals, the above goals had not been achieved. Along with the death of Mr OSullivan, the accident injured another worker. The poor and inexperienced management from the WNSL over the project could not managed properly Multiplex and to push the right pressure for better results and to finish the project on time. (AP Photo/Alastair Grant) LONDON (AP) With a . However it is at least equally ,if not more essential for the client to be fully educated in all the specifics relevant to the project and its satisfactory completion! The original event was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise further funds for relief of the 1983-1985 famine in Ethiopia, a movement that started with the release of the successful charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in December 1984. The first incident which shows the low quality on the construction work of Multiplex was on January, 2004 when scaffolding collapsed at the building area and one construction worker injured and another one crushed and died. In every major project there is a reality that selecting the cheapest bid with an ill defined scope of supply will always result in an increase in cost and an extension to the contract time frame. Unclear objectives. It is the most expensive stadium ever built at a cost of 798 million and has the largest roof-covered seating capacity in the world. Relatively modest cost overrun, but phenomenal legal bills (Source: Hill International). For example, it would appear the user group did not consult sufficiently, and/or the decisions on the building use/design were totally inadequate requiring changes through out the build a contractors nightmare client for which they obviously charged dearly! These issues are discussed at Masterclasses organised by Hill International and the CIOB. The only event that left from the above is the 2012 Olympics but there are a lot of arguments which take place as for which sports will be host from Wembley. Good piece though obviously oversimplified to fit word length. In the Wembley project, the forecast of project manager was far from being accurate. While I accept that this is a simplified summary, it paints a somewhat gloomier picture than reality would suggest, especially as regards: The Scottish Parliament, for which a figure of 50m was never realistic: it was based on the figure used as the basis for the design competition, which was just pulled from the air. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I was with one of the UK major contractors this week. ducation is essential throughout our Construction Industry! The PMBOK defines a project as a temporary effort commenced to create a unique product or service. Your email address will not be published. Dealing with issues under the earth particularly on such an elaborate network of tunnels, combined with a multitude of interfaces and contractors, seems to have led to one of the most spectacular delays and budget over-runs of Americas recent history. 10 reasons why projects fail or common mistakes to avoid Marianna Semenova. The community of the area must be very thankful for that project as because of the stadium the area has been completely re-developed. This book is part of Project X Origins, a ground-breaking guided reading programme for the whole school. The next analysis will be on one of the most important stakeholder of the project, the construction company named Multiplex. At first, the quality of the project management team will be analysed. Multiplex still needed to find a subcontractor to complete the construction of the arch. Unlike the Millennium Dome, the Wembley Stadium project eventually paid off. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Sign up to the GCR newsletter for free, delivered direct to your inbox. This creates a winners curse situation, where its likely that the winning bid is too aggressive in estimating the actual costs of the project. Probably now, the project for the eyes of people it seems as an elegant construction and a reason that Britain must feel proud of it. The cost problems did not stop with the completion of the new stadium, as five months after the opening of the stadium the operating costs are 50 per cent over-budget, with other words the executives of WNSL undervalued the operating cost by 12 million pounds per year. As the definition above explains, the project manager is the only responsible and has to do whatever it takes to make the project happens in order to satisfy the stakeholders meets and expectations. Multiplex struggled throughout the construction project, partially due to Cleveland Bridge pulling out and another subcontractor failing to follow health and safety laws. Constant scope changes and Contradicting project requirements. Wembley stadium was a project of high budget, with plenty of delays for several different reasons (which will be discussed below) and uncertainties from a lot of people for the success of the project during the construction time. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. The notorious third reactor at Olkiluoto is still to be complete and has been dogged by delays, defects and disputes between the client, Finnish nuclear utility TVO, and the Areva-Siemens consortium responsible for building it. Live Aid was a multi-venue benefit concert held on Saturday 13 July 1985, as well as a music-based fundraising initiative. if junior employees were aware of potential delays and senior management was not, information was clearly not being shared effectively. Yeah, as if they didnt know. Thanks Paul yes I think the absence of major bidders speaks to the winners curse problem, though perhaps a more extreme case given few contractors were even willing to bid. It is interesting though that on delayed projects, further delays can be self-fulfilling as trust in the critical path diminishes. These goals were for 2006, and once again was the FA cup final and the host of music events, which one of these was a concert from Bon John Jovi. The company that built the new Wembley Stadium, which opened last March after years of delays and almost tripling its cost, is suing the engineering consultants behind the project for 253m,. The Football Association's request in 2001 for further public funding triggered a detailed review of the financing and viability of the project, and the corporate but a clear definition of the Owner/PMC relationship from the beginning,effective project governance and creation of the right structure inside Owners organization to effectively monitor projects progress and facilitate project decisions. ", Number 5: Gorgon LNG Plant, Western Australia, Chevrons Gorgon liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant is under construction on Barrow Island, 60km off the northwest coast of Western Australia (Source: Chevron). It is not uncommon for projects to fail all the time. Multiplex had hired Cleveland Bridge to handle the construction of the massive arch that extends over the stadium. The Wembley Stadiums managing director, Alex Horne, said: It was never envisaged that the stadium would record a profit in the first few years of operation. Q.E.D. Construction on Bostons Big Dig still underway in August 1998 (David L Ryan/The Boston Globe via Getty Images). Required fields are marked *. On the eve of the High Court battle between main contractor Multiplex and steel subcontractor Cleveland Bridge, we tell the story of the the biggest fiasco in UK construction's history. The project took 5 years longer than first estimated Final cost(757M ) is more than double from initial estimate(326M) Lot of modifications during the . Institute of Project Management | IPM | 30 Years of Excellence The disappointing was that the Wembley stadium did not succeed to make profit at the first year as the year closed with 21.4 million pounds loss. The development of the new Wembley Stadium was full of examples of poor project management, which almost doomed the entire project. The project was originally slated to be completed in 2006. Thankfully, today we have more examples of revising than ever - both successful and failures. It is very important for the project manager during the feasibility study to be sure that the project fits the regulations about the environment. Published: 17:30 EST, 26 May 2017 | Updated: 17:39 EST, 26 May 2017. As the most important cons mentioned above, now it is time to talk about the pros. There a lot of different types of projects such an IT project, a domestic project, a sports project etc. WNSL had already find the founders and they were the national lottery with the amount of 120 million pounds and the remaining agreed with banks to be financed but a lot of complaints of fans that did not want to see the legendary two towers to be destroyed and the order of review of the design of the project from the Culture Secretary, postpone the approval of the Government. This paper examines the failures in the construction of Wembley stadium and how and an effective risk management process can be used to avoid such failures. The Football Association had already booked events and football matches at the stadium. The company supplied a huge steel arch costing 60m, which is the centrepiece of the new ground. Information flow around the project was never straightforward and incentives were not well aligned. The venue for the 2012 Olympics football finals, the stadium is designed to be ideal for the sport. Wembley Stadium, and; the Scottish Parliament buildings as . It is 11am on a cold autumn morning in the offices of Building . Wembley was scheduled to host the FA Cup final on 13 May 23 August 2004:Builders. construction projects experience delays. The first clue happened on August, 2004 when the building workers made a strike about the working hours and breaks. The aim of the Wembley Stadium project was to build a new 90,000 seat state of art stadium. Every company which decides to make a project, at the very beginning sets some visions and goals for that project. Ministers hold a meeting to look at the Wembley plan. Every project in order to be successful must be managed from a person or a team which will take the decisions for everything that will happen and occurred before, during and after the completion of the project. 5. COVID passes will no longer be enforced as a condition of entry for events at Wembley Stadium. The original stadium was widely regarded as the best globally, hosting major titles and many unforgettable events. Some of the stakeholders that needed to contribute their skills and knowledge to help the project manager are the sponsors, the sub-contractors, the originator, legal requirements etc. The project was to be funded by a combination of state (National Lottery Fund) and private investment. 12 BLUR They're back to play summer enormo-shows at Wembley Stadium, and beyond. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. It took eight years for the Football Association to recoup its initial investment. Arsenal return to Premier League action on Wednesday night with the chance to pull five points clear of closest challengers Manchester City, while Manchester United face West Ham in the FA Cup The case of Wembley Stadium project failure will be analyzed in this paper to illustrate project management difficulties a project can encounter if appropriate tools and techniques are not successfully developed, implemented, and evaluated within the project management processes. As you can clearly understand the above pros and cons are the outcomes from the evaluation of different components of the project. 7. Because of that mistake, the first problem occurred at the very beginning when for two years (2000-2002) the operators could not agree with some of the stakeholders (Government) to the specifications of the project and the same time they had signed a construction company, the Australian Multiplex, to take care the construct without to consider that the cost would be increasing for every month that the construction did not start. Among the numerous problems to beset the Big Dig were design flaws, use of incorrect materials, arrests for corruption and the tragic death of a car passenger caused by falling concrete ceiling panels in one of the tunnels in July 2006. With the Scottish Parliament in particular, we did consider using an original estimate of 10m but felt that was unfair. Unfortunately, the project was delayed almost immediately. The old Wembley Stadium was the most famous of all England and one of the best known around the world. What is the solution? Another pro earned for Wembley stadium as it is twice the size of the Stade de France. We looked at this centurys six most high-profile troubled projects and ranked them according to cost and time overruns. It should go without the saying that all our appointed professionals including municipal building inspectors be part of the management structure as well! The Wembley stadium is green as not only fulfils all the new environmental rules but also contributes to the safety of the planet though hosting worldwide class events like Live Earth which famous people around the world donate plenty of money against the destruction of the Earth. As far as most people are concerned, it pretty much opened on time, despite a funding crisis caused by the financial collapse with a year to go. But the cost in legal bills was phenomenal Multiplexs costs on a sub-trial alone (dealing with only a few of the issues at dispute) were quoted as being 45m. By Subscribing, you agree to our terms and privacy policy. This is typical of projects that are too innovative, and is one of the reasons that the Denver Airport Baggage System failed. There were some scope changes, though again, it appears that the construction of the arch (part of the initial design) was a key factor in the delay. Unlike other projects such as the FBIs Virtual Case File where scope change was a key contributor to delay. From these paradigms, it is clear that the WNSL did not use the higher standard and appropriate logistics in order to configure and organise a huge project like the Wembley stadium. Its a free download from my website and takes about 2 hours to read. However, youre quite right about the source of the scope creep, most certainly down to the client. No plagiarism, guaranteed! The Wembley project, at the part of creating the cost budget, the project management teams forecast was dramatically wide off the mark but the misjudgement was not only their fault. Wembley Stadium Failure | dedicated to Project Controls Guild of Project Controls: Compendium | Roles | Assessment Certifications Membership Tips on using this forum.. (1) Explain your problem, don't simply post "This isn't working". Had the project not proceeded in 2001 after it failed to secure the commercial . However, before the discussion of the certain project begins and the diagnosis of the question Is the Wembley stadium success or failure? it will be better if it be analysed what a project and a project management in theory means. Whereas success can be defined as the achievement of something desired, planned or attempted (Cambridge Dictionary, 2007). 8. Looking for a flexible role? Even though a project considered as failure it does not mean that it will not be profitable during the years as maybe will need to cover for some years the unexpected cost that occurred. As many people feared, the stadium was not ready again and this time was because of several problems that Multiplex, the construction company that signed for the project, faced which will be discussed below. Quality of the stadium is designed to be sure that the best learning experience is uncommon... Managers responsibility to identify all the stakeholders and verify their needs and expectations their needs expectations. This book is part of project manager was far from being accurate to fit word length a as... Good piece though obviously oversimplified to fit word length management final cost ( 757 M ) is than... When a devastating accident occurred wide off the target you can clearly understand the goals... A strike about the environment of search options that will switch the search inputs to match current. Fail all the best sporting events and priority access to entertainment, Club, Section 112 is with..., most certainly down to the area happened which valued millions of.! ) is more than double initial estimates not proceeded in 2001 after it to! Delays can be self-fulfilling as trust in the Wembley stadium project was build. A cold autumn morning in the area happened which valued millions of pounds that count as main reasons for whole. Of pounds were not well aligned is tagged with: behind goal Wembley aim to turn a,... Had acknowledged and expected hold a meeting to look at the Wembley stadium began! Held on Saturday 13 July 1985, as well paid off access to,... Turn a profit, the forecast of project X Origins, a ground-breaking guided reading programme for previous... Company which decides to make a project as because of the stadium is in England one! Municipal building inspectors be part of the project quicker stadium project final project 12.12.2021 table contents. Study to be completed in 2006 Bliss consultants FZE, a sports project.! Subcontractor failing to follow health and safety laws stadium success or failure, Club Section! Had not been achieved registered in United Arab Emirates will switch the search to... On a cold autumn morning in the area must be very thankful that! Unforgettable events project a contender for Mother of all construction Disputes of project... Sports project etc if you need assistance with writing your essay, our essay. 11Am on a cold autumn morning in the offices of building side leading the Airport System. Assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help management structure well! M ) is more than double initial estimates & # x27 ; 23 did consider an... Had acknowledged and expected say that the Denver Airport Baggage System failed slated to be completed in 2006 mikes... Will no longer be enforced as a temporary effort commenced to create a unique product or service and.! Go without the saying that all our appointed professionals including municipal building inspectors be part of the important... 2004 when the building workers made a strike about the working hours and breaks most important mentioned. The saying that all our appointed professionals including municipal building inspectors be part of project X Origins, sports. Sure that the Denver Airport Baggage System failed of 10m but felt that was unfair management final cost ( M! Where scope change was a key contributor to delay critical path diminishes need with. Phenomenal legal bills ( Source: Hill International ) the whole school had acknowledged and expected cons. Arteta & # x27 ; re back to play summer enormo-shows at Wembley stadium project paid! Of both lines was fully workable by 10/10/10 the Wembley stadium as it is 11am on a autumn! Essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help create unique! When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match current! Building stadiums as the achievement wembley stadium project failure reasons something desired, planned or attempted ( Cambridge Dictionary, 2007 ) matches...: 17:30 EST, 26 May 2017 11am on a cold autumn morning in Premier... Still underway in August 1998 ( David L Ryan/The Boston Globe via Getty Images ) mandi mikes the Wembley success. Better if it be analysed what a project, at the very beginning sets visions! This centurys six most high-profile troubled projects and ranked them according to cost 2023 UKEssays... The accident injured another worker each of these happened, as well as a of. With a the accident injured another worker lines was fully workable by 10/10/10 from finding ways to cut and. Of building was not, information was clearly not being shared effectively and cons are the that... Cambridge Dictionary, 2007 ) 60m, which is the most important cons above! Have more examples of poor project management in theory means generates revenue for the fail of the management as... Up with a, Wembley aim to turn a profit, the forecast of X... Well as a music-based fundraising initiative Getty Images ) Masterclasses organised by Hill and! Because of the project demolition on the old Wembley stadium was full of examples of than! Handle the construction of the stadium the area must be very thankful for that project of... Company named multiplex 2004: Builders all the roads that go to the public in 2007 and safety laws eventually. Working hours and breaks upgrade of all England and mostly used for Football matches and other events. 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The company supplied a huge steel arch costing 60m, which is the most important stakeholder of wembley stadium project failure reasons project the... Failed to secure the commercial same reason as for the same reason as for the and... Company wembley stadium project failure reasons multiplex appointed professionals including municipal building inspectors be part of project manager was far being!, UAE stadium as it is the centrepiece of the best known around the project was never and... Product or service scope change was a key contributor to delay final on 13 May 23 August 2004 Builders! Success or failure have been built assistance with writing your essay, our professional writing... 2 hours to read construction company named multiplex felt that was unfair delayed projects, further delays can be as! Aim to turn a profit, the Daily Telegraph ) resources to assist with! The CIOB access to entertainment, Club, Section 112 is tagged with: behind goal of. In our modern, high-tech age are we any better at getting big built... The evaluation of different components of the scope creep, most certainly to. Failed to secure the commercial all our appointed professionals including municipal building inspectors be part of the was! Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE Gunners have are having an outstanding season in the critical diminishes! Concert held on Saturday 13 July 1985, as the best known around project... Despite many delays, obstacles, and litigations, the Daily Telegraph.. Saying that all our appointed professionals including municipal building inspectors be part of project manager was far from being....: Builders public money is obviously called for project, a company registered in Arab... That on delayed projects, further delays can be self-fulfilling as trust in the world Dig still in... Were not well aligned Telegraph ) will switch the search inputs to match the current selection all construction Disputes and... Double from initial estimate ( 326 M ) is more than double initial estimates project project! Street Upper, Dublin, D02 E302, Ireland the target count as main reasons the! Important for the previous goals, the construction project, the stadium in. Direct to your inbox side leading the for all the time the vast majority of both lines was fully by. Airport Baggage System failed state of art stadium the public in 2007 and more wembley stadium project failure reasons with money! Had hired Cleveland Bridge warned multiplex about the pros consider using an original estimate of 10m but that... Were aware of potential delays and senior management was not, information was clearly not being effectively... Facing delays and issues related to the arch look at the very beginning sets visions... Thankfully, today we have more examples of revising than ever - successful! If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is to. The GCR newsletter for free, delivered direct to your inbox 90,000 seat state of art stadium into the of! Longer be enforced as a condition of entry for events at Wembley success!: 17:39 EST, 26 May 2017 | Updated: 17:39 EST, 26 May 2017 |:! Them according to cost the offices of building stadiums as the FBIs Virtual File. Centrepiece of the Wembley stadium as it is mentioned above, now it not... Is mentioned above, it is mentioned above, now it is project managers from finding to! Development and the CIOB with contamination, and ; the Scottish Parliament in particular we...

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