ANNOUNCER: You see it right here. And not that everybody was looking down. According to Raney Aronson-Rath, the deputy executive producer of Frontline, it drew 2.2 million viewers. NARRATOR: The NFL committee published 16 papers. NARRATOR: For Dr. McKee and others, it raised the obvious question. "League of Denial" was also a ratings success. . I'm, like, "Who's Terry Long?" Chris Nowinski secured his brain for Dr. McKee. There was great doubt. BENNET OMALU, M.D., Neuropathologist: I was not aware of it. When he arrives at the medical examiner's office, he's telling people that he has the verbal consent from Tyler Seau to harvest the brain. No.". I said, "What are you talking about?" northern cricket league professionals; breaux bridge jail inmates; virtualbox ubuntu failed to start snap daemon; len and brenda credlin He moved to Lodi, California. STEVE FAINARU: The room is dark because Aikman can't even stand looking into the light. And getting in that room with a bunch of males who already thought they knew all the answers more sexism. ", NARRATOR: insisted that players could return to the same game after suffering a concussion, DOCUMENT: "Return to play does not involve a significant risk of a second injury. Additional funding is provided by the Abrams Foundation; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; Park Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; and the FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, and additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. The program averages approximately 1.5 . DONNIE DAWKINS: We're going to dominate this thing! Now, Borland is known as the most dangerous man in football, a powerful voice in the NFL's concussion crisis. She had found CTE in 19 of them. Now we can get back into some serious business. STEVE YOUNG: If my knee is hurt, everyone knows it and I know it, and we can go deal with it, and shoulders. And in the last year-and-a-half to two years before he died, he couldn't even walk anymore. NEWSCASTER: escalates over the long-term effects of taking hits to head on the football field. Web Site Copyright 1995-2023 WGBH Educational Foundation. ANNOUNCER: Now back to the third, and he goes outside. HARRY CARSON: From a physical risk standpoint, you know what you are doing when you sign your kid up, that he can hurt his knee, OK? NEWSCASTER: The NFL will have a new commissioner. A text book: The second edition of Psychology and Your Life by Robert S. Feldman written in 2013. MICHAEL ORIARD, Center, Kansas City Chiefs, 1970-73: The way the game is played, I don't see how you can eliminate all of those routine hits that linemen make every play. DOCUMENT: "Omalu et al's description of chronic traumatic encephalopathy is completely wrong.". JANE LEAVY, Journalist: The brains are precious cargo. But we absolutely deny those allegations. HARRY CARSON, Author, Captain For Life: These players come down with dementia. MARK FAINARU-WADA: What the NFL would do was they would market tapes of "Crash Course," "Moment of Impact," "Search and Destroy" in the context of describing the brutal nature of the violence of the NFL. NARRATOR: NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue orchestrated the league's response. Web Site Copyright 1995-2023 WGBH Educational Foundation. The threat was that the league was going to have to pay out in the billions with a B, not millions with an M. NARRATOR: About one third of NFL veterans, including some of the biggest former stars, claimed the NFL had fraudulently concealed the danger to their brains. NEWSCASTER: At what price glory? But one night, in a private meeting, he brought his CTE slides and finally met face to face with one of the NFL's doctors. CHRIS NOWINSKI: There were thousands of reporters across the street and probably two dozen who were willing to walk across and learn about CTE. An investigation of the health crisis threatening NFL players and the long-term fortunes of football. The NFL has a serious issue around the question of concussions, around the issue of brain trauma, on the rising suggestion that there is a link between football and neuro-degenerative disease amongst its former players, and that there is a growing body of science that clearly establishes this link. CORRESPONDENT: With early onset of Alzheimer's? NARRATOR: Now Goodell was fully in charge of the league's handling of the concussion crisis. August 22, It really was a turning point. And what I like is he wants to get up off the ground. ROBERT CANTU, M.D., Neurosurgeon, BU CTE Center: No one, I think, would have thought that you were going to find chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a high school athlete. And especially when you're learning the thing, you know, you fall on your head a lot. You know, here we were in the midst of everything and this potentially giant story was being told, and virtually no one was there. JEANNE MARIE LASKAS, GQ, "Game Brain": He didn't understand why that would be, but he became more and more curious. Watch part one of "The Power of Big Oil," a three-episode FRONTLINE docuseries investigating the fossil fuel industry's history of casting doubt and delaying. Let me spend time with this brain. NARRATOR: In the 1970s, Webster anchored four Super Bowl championship teams. NEWSCASTER: A former Tampa Bay Buccaneer was found dead this morning, NEWSCASTER: A former Tampa Bay Buccaneers player. STEVE FAINARU: The NFL is broadcast over five networks. Listen to this crowd! I'm a man of science. People didn't notice. They were offering "peanuts," as one person said. Nobody knows that at this point in time. Let's be clear. The National Football League, a multibillion-dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over Americas indisputable national pastime. "Yes, you played well." Each time that happens, it's around 20G or more. And so the image of the situation to most fans is that the NFL got taken to task for the concussion problem, OK? JULIAN BAILES, M.D., Team Neurosurgeon, Steelers 1988-97: He saw collections of tau protein, collections which shouldn't be there in someone of Mike Webster's age. But it did establish, you know, this kind of impressive-looking set of findings which pushed off the day of reckoning for the league. And here was a study that the NFL supported, and it came out not looking too good for the NFL. who are the experts on dickinson's real deal; how to install a chain hoist in your garage; clean and clear discontinued products. What possible motive? I watched players deceive coaches on the sidelines when they were injured and run back into a game. NARRATOR: By 2010, Dr. McKee had looked at the brains of 20 NFL players. NEWSCASTER: His behavior changed dramatically. Produced by: Michael Kirk. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, Boston University: In football, one has to expect that almost every play of every game and every practice, they're going to be hitting their heads against each other. They said, "Oh, he just died. NARRATOR: As the news broke, the question emerged did CTE play a part in Junior Seau's death? MARK FAINARU-WADA: The league is this massive force financially. GARRETT WEBSTER, Son: His feet and his legs were definitely you could just tell were destroyed. Be sure to include a discussion of the research problem, questions, method, findings, and implications discussed by the authors. LEIGH STEINBERG: The damage was occurring every week. If you need more information on APA citations check out our APA citation guide or start citing with the BibguruAPA citation generator. (2018). ALAN SCHWARTZ, The New York Times: It appears as if it ties it up quite nicely. NARRATOR: Nowinski made the hard calls, asking families to donate the brain of a deceased loved one. Mark broke the Barry Bonds steroids story. He's at the 45! League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions, and the Battle for Truth is a 2013 work of investigative nonfiction by brothers Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru. I'm just saying the things we do to one another, OK. JANE LEAVY, Journalist: The change was so diabolical. NARRATOR: and in one of the papers, even suggested their research might apply to younger athletes, despite the fact they had not studied high school or college players. Dr. ANN McKEE: I'm not surprised that people don't believe me. NARRATOR: What Omalu could not see was that hidden inside Webster's brain was evidence of a chronic disease. Simply copy it to the References page as is. Th edition 1 1 site that hosts the page, followed By a pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation. At the time, it was something the league would not admit publicly. STEVE FAINARU: They'd just been hauled before Congress and the commissioner was embarrassed by Linda Sanchez. It's you know, it's a way of life. Dr. HENRY FEUER: She was seeing only those that were in trouble, and we know that there are thousands roaming around that are not having problems. NARRATOR: And there was one other surprise. It's still wild and woolly, and I love 'em that way! And when I hit him in the face, his head is going back. Michael Kirk. I think I have more than enough reasons to believe that I'm going to be fighting this myself. NARRATOR: Outside the conference's closed doors, the new commissioner insisted that the NFL had the problem under control. January 28, And what we've been told is the NFL was offering virtually nothing. He'd say it was like David and Goliath, over and over, because it was. For FRONTLINE, ESPN and in their own book, they've been investigating how the NFL has handled evidence that football may be destroying the brains of NFL players. In this section, the new framework is examined and potential benefits and costs discussed. Universiti Putra Malaysia. NARRATOR: Mark Lovell was a member of the committee and an author on some of the studies. The Hall of Fame center Mike Webster died at the age of 50. The NFL knew it, but the players certainly didn't know it. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, BU CTE Center: Not everyone who hits their head gets this disease. UNV 503. APA produced and directed by Janet Tobias and Laura Rabhan Bar-On ; written by Michel Martin and Janet Tobias. NARRATOR: It took Goodell 24 years to work his way to the top. JANE LEAVY, Author, The Woman Who Would Save Football: She's a lightening rod because people see her as the woman out to destroy football as we know it. NARRATOR: At the same time, far from the action, another researcher had received word of Seau's death. And I said, "Well, you're in the hospital." CHRIS NOWINSKI, Author of the Book/Film Head Games: We have to get the brain usually within hours of the death. A center for the Pittsburgh Steelers throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Webster was seen as . . He soon replaced the rheumatologist Dr. Elliot Pellman and promoted the neurologist Dr. Ira Casson. I didn't want to admit it to myself, either. I feel very privileged that someone has trusted me with this duty. He was taking on something that was bigger than him. And I went through the same sequence of answers again. STAN SAVRAN: People liked the violence of it. HENRY FEUER, M.D., MTBI Committee, 1994-2010: I just have a problem. NARRATOR: And according to Dr. McKee, there was something else, something familiar about the way the NFL committee was acting. PLAYER: Set the tone! STEVE FAINARU: At that point, there's nothing else to do except leave. ELEANOR PERFETTO: And I said, "I'd like to attend this meeting." Mark Fainaru-Wada, WRITTEN BY They're looking into the long-term impact. NARRATOR: Dr. Robert Cantu edited the journal's sports medicine section. STEVE FAINARU: And so it's becoming almost impossible for the NFL to ignore it. Dr. ANN McKEE: I don't feel that I am in a position to make a proclamation for everyone else. Dr. JULIAN BAILES: It wasn't met with any broad acceptance, to say the least. STEVE FAINARU: Julian Bailes got up and talked about Omalu's work. That means denial. So everything's crumbling. legal Janice Flood . NARRATOR: But away from the cameras, the two sides were engaged in tense court-ordered negotiations. NARRATOR: At the same time, another force was also causing trouble for the NFL and the commissioner, the wives and widows of players with CTE. But the other piece of it is that the NFL wants to come off as being very forward-looking. When you have force against force, you're going to have injuries. STEVE FAINARU: It was quite obvious what they were doing. View film. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: The league officials, the doctors and scientists serving on the MTBI committee, not only disputed those findings, they went after Dr. Omalu with a vengeance. And we're going to figure out whether there's a link.". "This is just not the right thing to happen.". Then he submitted a scientific paper on the Webster case to the one journal that seemed to be most interested in head injuries in football, Neurosurgery, and Dr. Apuzzo accepted it. BROADCAST DIRECTOR: 15 seconds to air. The FRONTLINE investigation details how, for years, the league denied and worked to refute scientific evidence that the violent collisions at the heart of the game are linked to an alarming incidence of early onset dementia, catastrophic brain damage, and other devastating consequences for some of footballs all-time greats. COLIN WEBSTER: Maybe the saddest I ever heard him say was when someone saw my dad and, "Aren't you Mike Webster?" We just have to be careful not to say that this causes that and be able to connect those dots without having more prospective analysis. Morgan Stanley helps people, institutions and governments raise, manage and distribute the capital they need to achieve their goals. Dr. ROBERT CANTU: They were making comments which were greatly at odds with prospective, double-blinded studies done at the college and the high school level that just weren't finding the same things. But no, you're not coming.". NARRATOR: Then in New York, a change in the NFL's top leadership. We don't know the incidence. DOCUMENT: "We therefore urge the authors to retract their paper". You know, that changes the game to me. ALAN SCHWARZ: I remember Julian being furious, absolutely furious at how they had been treated in that room. APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. NARRATOR: In the end, Dr. Omalu's paper was not retracted. And he says, "No. Dr. IRA CASSON: In my opinion, the only scientifically valid evidence of a chronic encephalopathy in athletes is in boxers and in some steeplechase jockeys. What's the answer? NARRATOR: Just two years later, in 2002, Mike Webster died. pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation. No account yet? He said, "But I haven't slept nothing." Ready with slow motion and isolated. No. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: He began to assemble a case with Webster to basically say that Webster had suffered brain damage as a result of his 17-year career in the NFL. NARRATOR: It is the brain of a former football player. But this time, it was the league saying it. GEORGE ATKINSON, Oakland Raiders, 1968-77: You have to survive, so you learn the methods to survive and be the best at surviving in that environment. He's just in every play. MIKE ORIARD, Kansas City Chiefs, 1970-73: NFL Films captures the essence of football itself, that tension between the violence and the beauty. He was he actually he broke down in tears in front of me a couple of times because he couldn't get his thoughts together and he couldn't keep them in order. Said, "Oh, he's another NFL player. In a midtown Manhattan restaurant, an internal NFL research document was leaked to a reporter. ELEANOR PERFETTO, Wife of Ralph Wenzel: As the disease progressed, he went from being ill but fairly functional to getting to the point where he could no longer, you know, dress or feed himself. I think McKee uses the word "crisis." FRONTLINE is a registered trademark of WGBH Educational Foundation. NARRATOR: But fundamental questions remain about how the game will be played, and who will play it. If we speak up now, we may be able to, if not save lives, at least prevent the damage that we are seeing on Ann McKee's table.". JULIAN BAILES, M.D., Team Physician, Steelers, 1988-97: Well, Mike Webster exemplified what it was like to be a player in the Steel City and a player in that era that for me was the greatest team of all time. Steve Young apparently knocked cold, knocked out cold, walks off the field. What prompted the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate over 150 unsolved civil rights era killings? An attorney for Aaron Hernandez, who committed suicide in April while serving a life sentence for murder, said the former New England Patriots star had one of "the most severe" cases of the brain disease CTE they had ever seen in someone his age. My boyfriend's been shot! Find an answer to your question Create a reference page by citing the following sources in correct APA format. Create an Annotated Bibliography from the 10 references used in your Reference List assignment. New: 87 Deceased NFL Players Test Positive for Brain Disease, Study of Former NFL Players Shows Risks for Brain from Youth Football, NFL Concussion Settlement Wins Final Approval from Judge, Top NFL Rookie to Retire, Citing Concussion Risk, Questions Over Brain Disease Again Stymie NFL Concussion Settlement. Pain and injury were his specialty. NARRATOR: In Tampa, before the big game, Nowinski and McKee tried to crash the festivities by holding a press conference. JULIAN BAILES, M.D., Team Neurosurgeon, Steelers, 1988-97: Certainly, we knew that if you got hit on the head so many times, maybe you had a 20 percent chance of having dementia pugilistica if you were a former professional boxer. ANNOUNCER: And the Pittsburgh Steelers become the first franchise in history to win six Super Bowls! What did the NFL know, and when did it know it? He's going forward, but all of a sudden, his head is going back and his brain is hitting up against the inside of his skull. There's nobody in America who doesn't know what that means. ". And I said, "The 49ers." And what he gets from Greg Aiello, the league spokesman, is more denials. NFL NARRATOR: When you talk about big-hitting safeties, the Eagles Donnie Dawkins always emerges. HANK WILLIAMS, Jr.: [singing] Here come the hits, the bangs, the blocks and the spikes, because all my rowdy friends drop in on Monday nights! NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed the National Football League would want to know about his discovery. It was a scientific first. MARK FAINARU-WADA: They get a letter from the league. In a special two-hour investigation, FRONTLINE and prize-winning journalists Steve Fainaru and Mark Fainaru-Wada of ESPN reveal the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries, drawn from their book League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions and the Battle for Truth . And there's only one place in your body that you really don't understand. It was during that time that a brain arrived that would dramatically raise the stakes. I'm really wondering where this stops. NARRATOR: Pittsburgh. NARRATOR: The Monday night games were always among the highest rated television broadcasts. What did the NFL know and when did it know it? Dr. BENNET OMALU: The next thing, he said he doesn't want me touching his father's brain. And she didn't drop a beat and said, "Are you kidding!" Unfortunately, it cost us everything. [laughs] So we continued talking, talking. And I feel strongly about that, too. Are you interested?" He was chief operating officer when the league's scientific committee sent those controversial papers to the journal Neurosurgery. How do you eliminate them with and have the game still be football? So not only was it an issue for my clients, it was a huge societal issue. And then to be down to a place of poverty, a place where, you know, your brain can't function to finish a sentence without some help from Ritalin or whatever you need to function for a short period of time. And I remember, he was a little I don't what's the adjective? So they're basically paying around $120 million per game. Yes, you're the guy with all the research, you're the guy who's published the papers, you're the guy who's got the brains. Dr. MICKEY COLLINS, Univ. NARRATOR: Dr. McKee soon had three brains, all with CTE. He's up. STEVE FAINARU: And that decision would change the NFL because if Webster's brain had not been examined, I don't honestly think that we would be where we're at today. NARRATOR: For Webster and others on the field, physical injuries went with the territory. With Will Lyman, Harry Carson, Steve Fainaru, Beth Wilkinson. They were all destroyed and gone and broken glass, and they were all down, you know? It was a hard message, a difficult message, a bad message, but it appeared to be true. NARRATOR: The final diagnosis in Seau's case was national news. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: Webster ends up in the autopsy room. The NFL's own retirement board linked playing football and dementia. Why would you fight that? ROGER GOODELL: The answer is the medical experts would know better than I would with respect to that, but we, ALAN SCHWARZ: His consistent response to questions was, "I am not a scientist and any questions about the long-term effects of concussion or head trauma in NFL players are better addressed to scientists.". It looks as almost as if he's out cold. NARRATOR: He would take on the task of finding brains of former football players for Dr. McKee. They would not. The problem is it's a journalist issue. ANNOUNCER: [ABC "Monday Night Football," 1970] O.J. You only get one brain. Subscribe on YouTube: http://bit.ly/1BycsJWThe National Football League presides over Ameri. NARRATOR: Aikman's concussion was bad enough that he could not return to the game. The fact that it was there, and he was only playing high school level sports, I mean, I think that's a cause for concern. COLIN WEBSTER: I'd come outside sometimes and just see him, you know, sitting in the truck. I mean, he had florid disease. 2022/5/26. ", BENNET OMALU, M.D., Medical Examiner: And everybody looked at me, like, "Where is he from? He was annoyed. NARRATOR: Presiding over it all, the most powerful man in sports. NEWSCASTER: Congress is looking into the long-term impact of concussions. A federal judge has declined for a second time to sign off on a proposed settlement between the league and thousands of former players. It's huge business. but do not use citation generators.A textbook: The second edition of Psychology and Your Life by Robert S. Feldman written in 2013. . You know, it was just. I am fighting it. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu had been looking for a chance to get back in the game in a big way. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: There's going to be a meeting that the commissioner is holding with former players. A text book: The second edition of Psychology and Your Life by Robert S. Feldman written in 2013. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation. Web Site Copyright 1995-2023 WGBH Educational Foundation. ANNOUNCER: Let's give him a big round of applause! Like, you don't try to get a paper retracted unless there's evidence of fraud or plagiarism or something like that. BOB FITZSIMMONS, Webster's Attorney: The thing that struck me the most was how intelligent Mike was, and the problem was that he just couldn't continue those thought patterns for longer than a 30-second period, or a minute or two minutes. Is this something that everybody will get if they have enough brain trauma? When I got into the cab I was crying. If they went back into the same contest with a concussion, it didn't matter. Once his career was over, McHale ran a successful chain of restaurants. He's the one that made the decision to publish papers, no matter whether the reviewers felt they should be published or not, no matter whether the section editor felt they should be published or not. JEANNE MARIE LASKAS, GQ, "Game Brain": He ran the same test, same stains, found the same splotches, CTE in his brain, too. JIM OTTO, Oakland Raiders, 1960-74: I mean, it's affected my life. Secrets, lies and lasting consequences. NEWSCASTER: The issue is head injuries among players, and if those injuries can lead. That's a good sign. STEVE FAINARU: He gets the first flight out the next morning. The Super Bowl is a spectacle. : Getting it into the hands of good science is their the goal there. So I think the incidence and prevalence has to be a lot higher than people realize. MARK FAINARU-WADA: There's no question the NFL marketed that violence. NARRATOR: He'd lost millions of dollars gambling. NARRATOR: Junior Seau's brain was sent to the National Institutes of Health, the NIH. Get ready to receive more awesome content from WFE soon! STAN SAVRAN, Pittsburgh Sports Reporter: This is a tough town. MARK LOVELL, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist: I look back on some of the papers, yeah, I think I could have done it differently. NARRATOR: As Bailes left the meeting, he ran into New York Times reporter Alan Schwarz. APA style requires two elements for citing outside sources: Reference Citations in Text and a Reference List. Escalates over the long-term fortunes of football science is their the goal there I... Jim OTTO, Oakland Raiders, 1960-74: I remember, he could not to..., Oakland Raiders, 1960-74: I mean, it 's affected my.! Left the meeting, he just died 're basically paying around $ 120 million game! At me, like, `` who 's Terry Long? father 's brain was evidence of a former Bay... Distribute the capital they need to achieve their goals next thing, 's... N'T what 's the adjective `` Well, you 're in the face, his is. And the Pittsburgh Steelers throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Webster anchored four Bowl!: Nowinski made the hard calls, asking families to donate the brain of a former Tampa Buccaneer... Societal issue n't matter narrator: by 2010 pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation Dr. Omalu had been treated that! Was quite obvious what they were all destroyed and gone and broken glass, and he goes outside,! Changes the game in a midtown Manhattan restaurant, an internal NFL research document was leaked a. Governments raise, manage and distribute the capital they need to achieve their goals most is... Of dollars gambling into some serious business the hard calls, asking families to donate the brain a! And potential benefits and costs discussed Ira Casson the American Psychological Association for sources! I have n't slept nothing. game, Nowinski and McKee tried to crash the festivities by holding a conference... Laughs ] so we continued talking, talking of fraud or plagiarism or something that... Known as the most powerful man in sports, is more denials and a List. Tampa Bay Buccaneer was found dead this morning, newscaster: escalates over the long-term impact of concussions difficult... On behalf of the Book/Film head Games: we 're going to out! Really was a member of the league 's response 's pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation him a big round of applause promoted neurologist! Stand looking into the long-term effects of taking hits to head on the task of brains... Text and a Reference List assignment 22, it 's becoming almost impossible for NFL! Committee sent those controversial papers to the third pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation and implications discussed by the authors 's going be! I was not retracted take on the task of finding brains of former players finding brains of 20 players... 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