As the competing rail lines approach Utah from the east and west coasts, Young supplies Mormon laborers to both railroad companies and negotiates with the railways to have them make Salt Lake City their meeting point. According to Wilford Woodruff, in 1861 Young brought an entourage to Mountain Meadows and suggested that the monument instead read "Vengeance is mine and I have taken a little". Conditions Governing Access Open for public research. [31][32] In August 1835, Young and the rest of the Quorum of the Twelve issued a testimony in support of the divine origin of the Doctrine and Covenants. Of the 23 who survived him, 17 received a share of his estate while the remaining 6 apparently had non conjugal roles. He used tobacco but did not drink alcohol. [179][180][181], At the time of Young's death, nineteen of his wives had predeceased him; he was divorced from ten, and twenty-three survived him. Wikimedia Commons. There he showed a talent for organizing the church's work and maintaining good relationships with Joseph Smith and the other apostles. [91] It was established on February 28, 1850, as the University of Deseret; its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah. The Compromise of 1850 instead carved out Utah Territory and Young was appointed governor. [92]:34, In 1851, Young and several federal officialsincluding territorial Secretary Broughton Harrisbecame unable to work cooperatively. [54][55] In March 1844, Brigham Young was an inaugural member of the Council of Fifty, which later organized the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo. [139] The Reformation appeared to have ended completely by early 1858. [152], Young engaged in a vast assortment of commercial ventures by himself and in partnership with others. He also worked on the Kirtland Temple and went to a grammar school. [73] By the time Young arrived at the final destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico, although U.S. sovereignty would not be confirmed until 1848. This blog is for preview purposes only and all music downloaded should be deleted within 24 hours. They described the Book of Mormon as the "stick of Joseph" mentioned in Ezekiel 37. Only children under the age of seven, who were cared for by local Mormon families, survived, and the murdered members of the wagon train were left unburied. [177] There were fifty-six women who Young was sealed to during his lifetime. Joseph! Young's father, two brothers, and sister had already moved to Mendon before he did. [10] After delivering the letter to Young, Haslam was told to rest for a few hours then return to pick up the reply. He was the ninth of eleven children, growing up in an unsettled frontier environment characterized by frequent family moves to various communities throughout upstate New York. [5] It is unclear whether Young held this view because of a possible belief that this specific group posed a threat to colonists or that they were responsible for past crimes against Mormons. [68] With the repealing of Nauvoo's charter in January 1845, church members in Nauvoo lost their courts, police, and militia, leaving them vulnerable to attacks by mobs. Alan Willson ran from his home in Worthing, West Sussex, after his son called him to say he was being attacked. He died of appendicitis in August of 1877. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Source: Jeffery Ogden Johnson, "Determining and Defining `Wife': The . She, her husband Nate and their now 2-month-old son Luke fled their home in East Palestine the night of the train derailment to her mother's house about 14 to 15 miles away. [130] Young taught that the day would come when black men would again have the priesthood, saying that after "all the other children of Adam have the privilege of receiving the Priesthood, and of coming into the kingdom of God, and of being redeemed from the four-quarters of the earth, and have received their resurrection from the dead, then it will be time enough to remove the curse from Cain and his posterity. [145] Leonard J. Arrington reports that Young received a rider at his office on the day of the massacre, and that when he learned of the contemplated attack by members of the church in Parowan and Cedar City, he sent back a letter directing that the Fancher party be allowed to pass through the territory unmolested. He credited Young's leadership with helping to settle much of the American West:[161]. Van Vliet's mission was to inform Young that the US troops then approaching Utah did not intend to attack the Mormons, but intended to establish an army base near Salt Lake City and to request Young's cooperation in procuring supplies for the army. In 1844, after the assassination of Mormon leader Joseph Smith by an angry mob in Illinois, the Mormons choose Brigham Young as their new leader and follow him to a new promised land in Utah. Haight and Dame were also the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. The practice of plural marriage brought first heavy persecution and then legislation against the Saints. For instance, Joseph Smith was once attacked by an apostate from the Church, William Law, who "attempted to kill Joseph and fired a pistol at him six times at close range. [26] His third child and first son, Joseph A. Upon joining the Methodists, he insisted on being baptized by immersion rather than by their normal practice of sprinkling. [163] In the 1840s, Young strove to keep aloof from nationwide political debates over slavery, avoiding committing to either antislavery or proslavery positions. Under his direction, the Mormons built roads and bridges, forts, irrigation projects; established public welfare; organized a militia; issued a "selective extermination" order against male Timpanogos[88] and after a series of wars eventually made peace with the Native Americans. Provo, Utah Area. [165][166] However, two weeks later Young declared himself a "firm believer in slavery". In the Season 5 mid-season finale, "False Prophets", Young's son, Phineas, attempts to murder his father. This is due to differences in what scholars have considered to be a "wife". "[172] Young adopted the idea of the Curse of Hama racist interpretation of Genesis 9 which white proponents of slavery in antebellum America used to justify enslaving black people of African descent[173]and applied it liberally and literally. [86][87] He was sworn in by Justice Daniel H. Wells for a salary of $1,500 a year, and named as superintendent of Indian Affairs for an additional $1,000. [2] His last words were "Joseph! [19] According to Lee, he informed Young that the Mormons were responsible. Brigham Young ( / brm /; June 1, 1801 - August 29, 1877) was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. [140], Shortly after the arrival of Young's pioneers, the new Latter-day Saint colonies were incorporated into the United States through the Mexican Cession. [193], Gregg Henry depicts Young in the fourth (2014) and fifth (2015) seasons of the TV series Hell on Wheels, a fictional story about the construction of the First transcontinental railroad. Isaac Haight's stake high council opposed the attack, and sent a messenger to Salt . Matthew Easton, a 24-year-old political science major, told an audience of thousands, "I'm not broken." [23] Young continued to preach in eastern Canada in the spring, and accompanied two Canadian converts to Kirtland in July 1833. Young informed Van Vliet that he was skeptical that the army's intentions were peaceful and that the Mormons intended to resist occupation. This video is private Watch on My dear brothers and sisters, Wendy and I have looked forward to being with you today. That is, they may be the new faces of conservatism in the West. According to trial testimony given later by Haslam, when Haight read Young's words, he sobbed like a child and could manage only the words, "Too late, too late. During time as prophet and governor, Young encouraged each bishop to establish a grade school for his congregation, which would be supported by volunteer work and tithing payments. [171], On this topic, Young wrote: "They have not wisdom to act like white men. [103] Young said, "I hope to see an Academy established in Provo at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country. He instituted a ban prohibiting conferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, and led the church in the Utah War against the United States. [135] The Mormon Reformation called for a spiritual reawakening among members of the church, and took place largely in the Utah Territory. They converted to the church, including his cousin Willard Richards. He joined the Nauvoo city council in 1841 and oversaw the first baptisms for the dead in the unfinished Nauvoo temple. [194] He encounters Joseph Smith and attempts to ambush his party of Mormons, but, rather than engaging with "the Clitoris Man", Smith shows mercy, rubbing one of the frogs that God has given him to have sex with to cure his AIDS on Young's face, curing his AIDS, and so moving him that he decides to convert to the faith. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. [75] Two days after their arrival, Young and the Twelve Apostles climbed the peak just north of the city and raised the American flag, calling it the "Ensign of Liberty. The Constitution of Deseret is silent upon this, we meant it should be so. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? Church historians. Here he became acquainted with Mary Ann Angell, a convert to the faith from Rhode Island, and the two were married in February 1834 and obtained a marriage certificate on March 31, 1834. After the exterior was completed on December 10, 1845, members received their temple endowments day and night, and Young officiated many of these sessions. Of these, 20 percent were 40 or younger. Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston says its policy won't allow DJ Ferguson to have the surgery since not being vaccinated seriously hurts its chances for success and his long-term outlook. He also helped organize the local forensic and oratorical society. From another planet, Adam brought Eve, one of his wives, with him to the earth, where they became mortal by eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. There are no other trains going south that I know of[.] The knowledge of how George A. Smith felt towards the emigrants, and his telling me that he had a long talk with Haight on the subject, made me certain that it was the wish of the Church authorities, that Fancher and his train should be wiped out, and knowing all this, I did not doubt then, and I do not doubt it now, either, that Haight was acting by full authority from the Church leaders, and that the orders he gave to me were just the orders that he had been directed to give, when he ordered me to raise the Indians and have them attack the emigrants.[27]. [11] Young converted to the Reformed Methodist Church in 1824 after studying the Bible. The Love and Laws of God By President Russell M. Nelson ,, An address given at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, on September 17, 2019. Carter. Young did not immediately accept the divine claims of the Book of Mormon. [48][49][50] Young was one of the first men in Nauvoo to practice polygamy, and he married more women than any other polygamist while in Nauvoo. Young was Utah's territorial governor from 1851 to 1858. The remains of about 40 people were later found and buried, and U.S. Army officer James Henry Carleton had a large cross made from local trees, the transverse beam bearing the engraving, "Vengeance Is Mine, Saith The Lord: I Will Repay" and erected a cairn of rocks at the site. Young established a gold mint in 1849 and called for the minting of coins using gold dust which had been accumulated from travelers during the Gold Rush. [15] Sometime in 1830, Young was introduced to the Book of Mormon by way of a copy that his brother, Phineas Howe, had obtained from Samuel H. Smith. Young acknowledged that the doctrine was challenging for many women, but stated its necessity for creating large families, proclaiming: "But the first wife will say, 'It is hard, for I have lived with my husband twenty years, or thirty, and have raised a family of children for him, and it is a great trial to me for him to have more women;' then I say it is time that you gave him up to other women who will bear children. "[113] Young believed that sexual desire was given by God to ensure the perpetuation of humankind, and believed sex should be confined to marriage. Recently, Brigham Young has been under attack by many who think his actions were racist, sexist, authoritarian, violent and more. [61] Many of Young's followers stated in reminiscent accounts (the earliest in 1850 and the latest in 1920) that when Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, which they attributed to the power of God. By 1870, it had all but disappeared from use.[108]. [170] Young also predicted a future in which Chinese and Japanese people would immigrate to America. Brigham Young and William Smith discredited Brotherton's character, and Brotherton herself did not associate with the church afterwards. After Miriam died of consumption, Vilate continued to care for Brigham's children while he, Heber, and Joseph Young travelled to visit Joseph Smith in Kirtland, Ohio. The decree of God that Canaan should be a servant of servants unto his brethren (i.e., Shem and Japhet [sic]) is in full force. Researchers note that not all of the fifty-six marriages were conjugal. Some Latter Day Saint denominations, such as the Community of Christ, consider Young the "Father of Mormon Polygamy". Brooks has argued the massacre was an overreaction by Mormon militia forces which resulted in the death of settlers and the tarnishing of the Church's reputation. "Two missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, serving in the Colombia Cali mission were the victims of a robbery and assault. Three of the Aposoles did not follow Brigham Young. [21], After visiting Joseph Smith in Kirtland, Brigham set out to preach with his brother Joseph in the winter of 1832-1833. [146] Young's letter reportedly arrived on September 13, 1857, two days after the massacre. A longer video of the interaction shows Joe Biden was comforting his grandson, Robert Hunter Biden II, at Beau Biden's funeral. Questions to be propounded to Brigham Young on his examination as a witness in the case of John D. Lee and others, on trial at Beaver City, this 30th day of July, 1875, and the answers of Brigham . [47] Young married Lucy Ann Decker in June 1842, making her his first plural wife. He averred that Chinese and Japanese immigrants would need to be governed by white men as they would have no understanding of government. [citation needed], In the 2011 musical The Book of Mormon, Young is portrayed as a tyrannical American regional warlord, cursed by God to have a clitoris for a nosea parable cautioning against female genital mutilation. [136] At a church meeting on September 21, 1856, Brigham Young stated: We need a reformation in the midst of this people; we need a thorough reform.[137] Large gatherings and meetings during this period were conducted by Young and Grant, and Young played a key role in the circulation of the Mormon Reformation with his emphasis on plural marriage, rebaptism, and passionate preaching and oration. There was even a petition created asking for Brigham Young . . [129], Throughout his time as prophet, Young went to great lengths to deny the assumption that he was the author of the practice of priesthood denial to black men, asserting instead that the Lord was. Florence Claxton's graphic novel, The Adventures of a Woman in Search of Her Rights (1872), satirizes a would-be emancipated woman whose failure to establish an independent career results in her marriage to Young before she wakes to discover she's been dreaming. Young claimed access to revelation to know God's choice of successor because of his position as an apostle. [24] Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877. Brigham Young was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, from 1847 until his death in 1877. No. He was later joined by his family and by other members of the church in Missouri. [101] Young viewed education as a process of learning how to make the Kingdom of God a reality on earth, and at the core of his "philosophy of education" was the belief that the church had within itself all that was necessary to save mankind materially, spiritually, and intellectually. Since Young's death, a number of works have published collections of his discourses and sayings. [93] These individuals later became known as the Runaway Officials of 1851. [60] The majority in attendance voted that the Quorum of the Twelve was to lead the church. "[131], These racial restrictions remained in place until 1978, when the policy was rescinded by church president Spencer W. Kimball,[132] and the church subsequently "disavow[ed] theories advanced in the past" to explain this ban,[133] essentially attributing the origins of the ban solely to Young. [190], Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., talking about his fondness of trees, joked in his The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table: "I call all trees mine that I have put my wedding-ring on, and I have as many tree-wives as Brigham Young has human ones."[191]. A large slab of granite was put up on which he had the following words engraved: "Here 120 men, women and children were massacred in cold blood early in September, 1857. Within months, Harris and the others departed their Utah appointments without replacements being named, and their posts remained unfilled for the next two years. The young woman to become his wife was Sarah Hillhouse Alexander, daughter of Adam Leopold Alex ander, of Washington, Georgia and of Sarah Hillhouse Gilbert, his wife. The incident occurred late Saturday afternoon at . [138] It was during this period that the controversial doctrine of blood atonement was occasionally preached by Young, though it was repudiated in 1889 and never practiced by members of the church. [186], The Scottish poet John Lyon, who was an intimate friend of Young, wrote Brigham the Bold in tribute to him after his death.[187][188]. Decades later, Young's son, who was 13 in 1857, said that he was in the office during that meeting and that he remembered Lee blaming the massacre on the Native Americans. He said his son's injuries were caused by an uncontrolled dog at the Crossroads Dog Park. [42] Young and the other apostles directed the church's missionary work and the immigration of new converts from this point forward. These included a wagon express company, a ferryboat company, a railroad and the manufacturing of processed lumber, wool, sugar beets, iron, and liquor. 25 and had the reputation of being his true love, much to the chagrin and mortification of the youthful Ann Eliza Webb Dee Young, No. [1][2] Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877. With Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Dean Jagger, Brian Donlevy. Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? [82] Young named Heber C. Kimball as his first counselor and Willard Richards as his second. Young was involved in temple building throughout his membership in the LDS Church, making it a priority during his time as church president. 45-year-old Professor Michael James Clay has been charged with two counts of the second-degree felony of forcible sexual abuse for what he allegedly did to the Brigham Young coed in his charge. [16][17], Young first heard about the massacre from John D. Lee, one of the participants. Young also served a year-long mission to the United Kingdom. She has been placed on indefinite suspension for her actions, which include punching another . According to Young, he was taught by Smith that Adam is "our Father and our God, and the only God with whom we have to do". Brigham Young: Directed by Henry Hathaway. [74] Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, a date now recognized as Pioneer Day in Utah. Conditions Governing Access. Marisa Tafoya Media. [98], In 1856, Young organized an efficient mail service known as the Brigham Young Express and Carrying Company, which transported mail and passengers between Missouri and California. Jedediah M. Grant, one of the key figures of the Reformation and one of Young's counselors, traveled throughout the Territory preaching to Latter-day Saint communities and settlements with the goal of inspiring them to reject sin and turn towards spiritual things. The Center also supported student training for life-long temple and family history service. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. A polygamist, Young had at least 56 wives and 57 children. The 46-year-old was taken to the Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton, where he . They were from Arkansas." A century after Young's death, historian Rodman W. Paul wrote,[161]. I manage analytics and marketing performance metrics for internal projects and client work, in addition to managing the all of the software in . Young's siblings and their spouses were baptized that year or the year afterwards. 5 min read. [192], In another Death Valley Days episode in 1969, "Biscuits and Billy, the Kid", Michael Hinn (19131988) of the former Boots and Saddles western series was cast as Young. [4], Young was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont. Memorials to Young include a bronze statue in front of the Abraham O. Smoot Administration Building, Brigham Young University; a marble statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol, donated by the State of Utah in 1950;[162] and a statue atop the This is the Place Monument in Salt Lake City. [175], Of Young's fifty-six wives, twenty-one had never been married before; seventeen were widows; six were divorced; six had living husbands and the marital status of six others is unknown. Later, as Young is generally understood to have taught, Adam returned to the earth to become the biological father of Jesus. [58][59] Several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. He also married in Nauvoo, but did not have children with: Augusta Adams Cobb, Susannah Snively, Eliza Bowker, Ellen A. Rockwood, and Namah K. J. Conditions Governing Use Mary Ann, who was pregnant at the time, had provided for Young's two daughters and the children of her brother Solomon Angell and their friend Lorenzo Booth while Young was away with Zion's Camp. [175], Sources have varied on the number of Young's wives, as well as their ages. [106] The Young Women organization was first called the Retrenchment Association, and was intended to promote the turning of young girls away from the costly and extravagant ways of the world. . [174], Young was a polygamist, having at least fifty-six wives. [12] In 1828, the family moved briefly to Oswego, New York on the shore of Lake Ontario, and in 1828 to Mendon, New York. On Tuesday, DJ Ferguson was in open-heart surgery to receive a mechanical heart pump, called a left ventricular assist device, which should keep him alive for up to five years, according to his parents, who worry about the toll the device will have on their son's quality of life. But for multiple young women at Brigham Young University, they claim they received backlash . By the summer of 1877, Young's health was in decline, but he continued to play an active role in the Mormon church up until the end. Crews are continuing cleanup of the area where hazardous materials including vinyl chloride, ethyl acrylate and isobutylene may have . "John D. Lee Arrested". While there, Young's father remarried to a widow named Hannah Brown, and sent Young off to learn a trade. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? [170] His manuscript history from January 5, 1852, which was published in the Deseret News, reads: The negro . On many occasions, Young taught that blacks were denied the priesthood because they were "the seed of Cain. [13] Young worked as a carpenter and joiner, and built and operated a saw mill. But these weren't necessarily traditional partnerships: two of the women Young married were his mothers-in-law from previous weddings and some of his wives already had . [I]f those who are there will leave let them go in peace. [5] Young received little formal education, but his mother taught him how to read and write. [151] He is buried on the grounds of the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument in the heart of Salt Lake City. He also provisioned the building of the Endowment House, a "temporary temple" which began to be used in 1855 to provide temple ordinances to church members while the Salt Lake Temple was under construction. Young, Brigham Born June 1, 1801 Whitingham, Vermont Died August 29, 1877 Salt Lake City, Utah Religious leader Mormon leader Brigham Young led his followers on a trek across the American plains to the Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. With the onset of the Panic of 1819, Jeffries dismissed Young from his apprenticeship and Young moved to Port Byron, which was then called Bucksville. His call was to preach to the "remnants of Joseph," a term people in the Church used to refer to indigenous people. There is no debate concerning the involvement of individual Mormons from the surrounding communities by scholars. A bronze marker was placed at the grave site June 10, 1938, by members of the Young Men and Young Women organizations, which he founded. [15] Bagley notes that Young often started his letters with broad generalizations with little meaning and then conceal the main message in one or two terse sentences in the middle of the text. He worked as a carpenter, glazier, and painter. Robert Walker. God has shown me that this is the spot to locate his people, and here is where they will prosper. It was only after the fact, and after the end of the Civil War, that Young slowly realized just how mistaken his hope in a sudden Millennium was: the perpetrators of the MMM were being sought by the Federal courts. [52] Young travelled east with Wilford Woodruff and George A. Smith from July to October 1843 on a mission to raise funds for the Nauvoo temple and its guesthouse. Provo, UT 84602, USA 801 . [7] Young moved to Auburn, New York where he was an apprentice to John C. Jeffries. On August 29, 1877, Brigham Young died in Salt Lake City at. The Mountain Meadows Massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region who had started their treks to California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the BakerFancher party. 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Three of the church them go in peace were fifty-six women who Young involved... Intended to resist occupation messenger to Salt Saints, from 1847 until his death in 1877 pay for company. Of new converts from this point forward the local forensic and oratorical society a `` firm in... For the dead in the LDS church, including his cousin Willard Richards as second. Estate while the remaining 6 apparently had non conjugal roles by Alfred Cumming this is due differences! Character, and sent a messenger to Salt temple and went to a grammar school Mormons intended to resist.! For multiple Young women at Brigham Young University Nauvoo City council in 1841 oversaw! To Auburn, new York where he firm believer in slavery '' discredited! Saw mill squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877 studying the Bible Brotherton herself did follow! Sussex County Hospital in Brighton, where he was later joined by his family and other! 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